Friedrich Tinner and his two sons, Marco and Urs, pleaded guilty at the federal criminal court in Bellinzona of supplying centrifuge parts and participating in the smuggling ring of Abdul Qadeer Khan (above), the former head of Pakistan’s nuclear programme.  – File Photo

ZURICH: Three Swiss engineers guilty of involvement in a Pakistani nuclear smuggling ring avoided a prison sentence on Tuesday after agreeing a plea bargain with the Swiss Federal Prosecutor’s Office.

Friedrich Tinner and his two sons, Marco and Urs, pleaded guilty at the federal criminal court in Bellinzona of supplying centrifuge parts and participating in the smuggling ring of Abdul Qadeer Khan, the former head of Pakistan’s nuclear programme, who in 2004 was found by Pakistan to have sold nuclear secrets to North Korea, Iran and Libya.

However, after agreeing the plea bargain, the Tinner trio were handed relatively mild suspended jail sentences of between 24 and 50 months.

In a long testimony, Friedrich Tinner told the court on Monday about how he met AQ Khan in 1975 and used his business in the eastern city of St. Gallen to sell centrifuge parts for enriching uranium, the online edition of Swiss tabloid Blick reported.

The court also heard that Urs Tinner set up production sites in Dubai and Malaysia for producing centrifuge parts for enriching uranium, while Marco took care of supplies and book-keeping.

Swiss authorities started investigating Marco Tinner and his brother in 2004, confiscating thousands of documents. A year later they expanded investigations to include Friedrich Tinner.

In 2009 Urs Tinner said that he had helped the US Central Intelligence Agency to uncover Libya’s nuclear weapons programme by tipping it off that Libya was about to receive the equipment needed to make an atom bomb.

It was widely reported in the Swiss media that further investigations into the Tinners were halted after the CIA urged the Swiss government to drop them to avoid exposing the extent of the agency’s activities.

Switzerland, which is not a nuclear power, is not authorised under the global Non-Proliferation Treaty to possess documents related to nuclear weaponry.

Last week's decision by the Nuclear Suppliers Group to tighten guidelines for transfers of sensitive uranium enrichment and reprocessing technology may irritate nuclear-armed India, after Washington helped it win a waiver from NSG rules in 2008. - Photo by AP

VIENNA: The 46-nation export control group has acted to bar states that shun a global anti-nuclear weapons pact from obtaining technology which can be used to make atomic bombs, diplomats and experts say.

Last week’s decision by the Nuclear Suppliers Group to tighten guidelines for transfers of sensitive uranium enrichment and reprocessing technology may irritate nuclear-armed India, after Washington helped it win a waiver from NSG rules in 2008.

The NSG — which includes the United States, Russia, China, European Union countries and some others — tries to ensure that nuclear exports are not diverted for military purposes.

India already has enrichment and reprocessing capabilities and does not need more advanced equipment of this type. But the amended rules may still be seen as a blow for the Asian power, weapons proliferation expert Daryl Kimball said.

“The Indians are going to cry foul. They want to be able to say that they are under no nuclear technology trade restrictions and that they are a responsible nuclear power,” said Kimball, director of the Washington-based Arms Control Association.

“It is about prestige. It is not about any technical need.”

India has so far not commented about the revised NSG guidelines, which have yet to be made public.

To import nuclear goods, all nations except the five officially recognised atomic weapons states must usually place nuclear sites under safeguards of the International Atomic Energy Agency, the UN nuclear watchdog, NSG guidelines say.

But when Washington sealed a nuclear supply accord with India in 2008, it won a unique exemption after contentious negotiations. India gained access to technology and fuel while it was allowed to continue its nuclear weapons programme.

The landmark civilian nuclear cooperation agreement ended India’s atomic isolation following its 1974 nuclear test and could mean billions of dollars in business for US firms.

The revised NSG rules — under discussion for years and adopted at a June 23-24 meeting in the Dutch town of Noordwijk — do not apply to trade in reactors or in the uranium needed to fuel them, experts say.

But an added condition stipulates that only parties to the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) can get uranium enrichment or spent fuel reprocessing equipment and technology.

INDIA MEMBERSHIP DELAY?

This would bar all NPT outsiders — India, Pakistan, Israel and North Korea — from such items, which can have both civilian and military applications.

India and Pakistan — which have fought three wars and have tested nuclear arms — have both refused to sign the 189-nation NPT, which is a cornerstone of global disarmament efforts.

“The new (NSG) guidelines include language saying transfers of enrichment and reprocessing technologies should be limited to NPT states and India doesn’t qualify,” proliferation expert Mark Hibbs of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace said.

“India has been trying to get that particular item out of the new guidelines and they failed,” Hibbs said. “It limits their access to sensitive technology.”

Kimball said the revised wording helped “fix a key flaw” in India’s waiver, ensuring that sensitive atomic items were not transferred to the country and used in its military programme.

One diplomat who attended the NSG meeting said the move should not be a surprise for India as it had been well-flagged already at the time of the 2008 exemption.

He also suggested there would be little practical impact as India had not been seeking — and no NSG state had intended to sell it — this type of technology even before the amendment.

“The key issue for India is image. The NSG exemption gave India the appearance of being drawn into the mainstream. This change in the guidelines affects that view of itself,” he said.

Washington last year announced support for Indian membership of the NSG and a State Department spokeswoman on Friday said there had been progress in “bringing India closer” to the group.

But Hibbs said the latest NSG decision underscoring the NPT requirement “basically pushes back the deadline” for any decision on Indian membership.

Kimball criticised the idea of opening the door to India joining, saying it would further harden Pakistan’s resolve to produce more fissile material for nuclear weapons.

Even though they are NPT signatories, the new guidelines would also apply to Iran and Syria as they are being probed by the UN nuclear agency over suspicions that they have channelled nuclear activities towards military ends.