WASHINGTON: Let’s forget about China for a moment.

The turmoil that the world’s second-largest economy has incited in global financial markets has ramped up speculation over when the Federal Reserve will finally raise its target interest rate, with the odds of that happening when the central bank meets next month falling rapidly.

But that doesn’t mean September was a done deal before the latest crisis.

Fed officials have repeatedly pushed out their forecasts for the first rate increase and moved down their expectations of the path of subsequent increases. One of the main culprits? Inflation, or rather a lack thereof.

The central bank has stated that it wants to be “reasonably confident” that inflation is headed back up to its goal of 2 per cent before it begins to withdraw its support for the US recovery. But something is always getting in the way — a surge in the dollar, a drop in oil prices, weak productivity.

There were glimmers earlier in the year that prices were starting to move back up. Wage growth, in particular, seemed to have some momentum after stagnating for years. Average hourly earnings for private workers rose by 2.3pc this spring compared with a year ago. Meanwhile, the employment cost index, which tracks how much businesses spend on wages and salaries, saw its biggest year-over-year jump since the Great Recession during the first quarter.

The activity, combined with the strong hiring and a rapidly falling unemployment rate, gave the Fed hope that the economy would be able to withstand the first rate increase in nearly a decade by the end of the year.

In a March speech in California, Fed Chair Janet Yellen laid out a strong case for an interest rate increase this year. She emphasised that monetary policy works with long lags and spoke of the dangers of waiting too long to make a move:

“I would not consider it prudent to postpone the onset of normalisation until we have reached, or are on the verge of reaching, our inflation objective. Doing so would create too great a risk of significantly overshooting both our objectives of maximum sustainable employment and 2pc inflation, potentially undermining economic growth and employment if the FOMC [Federal Open Market Committee] is subsequently forced to tighten policy markedly or abruptly.”

In her remarks, Yellen explicitly stated that a pickup in inflation was not a precondition to a rate increase. But she also said that she would be “uncomfortable” raising the Fed’s target rate if wage growth or inflation were to weaken.

Guess what happened?

The employment cost index posted its smallest quarterly gain on record during the spring. The pickup in average hourly earnings turned out to be just another blip. Oil prices resumed their slide. Productivity remains a puzzle.

The standard driver of a Fed rate increase is the appearance of inflation on the horizon. But it would take a telescopic lens to find any sign of it now. And as the threat of inflation becomes increasingly remote, the catalyst for the Fed to act becomes weaker.

It’s worth noting that this is essentially the same position that Chicago Fed President Charles Evans staked out last year: The lack of inflation pressure gives the central bank plenty of room to be patient, even as the unemployment rate continues to fall.

So the Fed was heading into the September meeting with lukewarm arguments on both sides of the coin: Any urgency to act to combat inflation was fading, but a tiny increase in the target rate wasn’t likely to do much harm.

Now add China back to the equation. The uncertainty surrounding the second-largest economy in the world provides the Fed with a good reason to stay the course when it meets next month. And bets are growing that it will wait a while longer.

By arrangement with Washington Post-Bloomberg News Service

Published in Dawn, August 30th, 2015

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