MANDALAY: With a smile, Myanmar's most notorious Buddhist monk boasts of the sleepless nights he endures on his self-appointed quest against the country's Muslims ─ one that he claims has helped strip voting rights from hundreds of thousands of the religious minority.

Wirathu, whose anti-Muslim campaign has stoked religious tensions in the Buddhist-majority nation, said he spends most nights at his tranquil Mandalay monastery glued to his computer screen, streaming images from some of the world's most violent Islamic terrorist organisations.

He then posts messages to his 91,000 Facebook followers, helping foment the idea that Buddhism is under threat.

"Many days I don't sleep at all," the monk, who goes by one name, told AFP, adding his work is so arduous that he lacks the time enjoyed by President Thein Sein and opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi to "have family meals and put on make-up".

Myanmar's Muslims, who make up at least five per cent of the 51-million population, have a long history of involvement in public life.

Muslim boys riding a bike near the Joon Mosque in Myanmar's second biggest city of Mandalay. ─ AFP/File

But they have faced increasing marginalisation under the current quasi-civilian government that replaced junta rule in 2011.

Recent years have also seen bouts of deadly anti-Muslim violence and there are fears the spread of hate speech could trigger further troubles in the run-up to the nation's landmark November 8 election.

Wirathu, whose soft voice belies the vitriol behind his words, is the best known member of an alliance of monks who have inserted their hardline stance into Myanmar's mainstream politics.

He was jailed in 2003 for inciting religious tension under the former military rulers. But their successors have appeared keen to allow his brand of nationalist Buddhism to flourish.

He claimed "victory" for pressuring government to push controversial laws through parliament ─ which rights groups say discriminate against women and religious minorities ─ and helping to snatch voting rights from hundreds of thousands of Muslim Rohingya in strife-torn Rakhine state.

In March Myanmar revoked temporary identification documents ─ a move affecting hundreds of thousands of Rohingya, who have since been stripped of voting rights after parliament banned people without full citizenship from voting.

Myanmar pro-democracy NLD leader Aung San Suu Kyi gives a speech. ─ Reuters

Observers say both Suu Kyi's opposition National League for Democracy and Myanmar's ruling party have bowed to the hardliners, declining to field Muslim candidates for polls seen as a crucial test of democratic progress.

The move risks leaving non-Rohingya Muslims who are entitled to vote without Muslim candidates to back at the polls.

'A bad omen'

A senior Muslim NLD member told AFP that "not a single Muslim" was among more than 1,000 party candidates for the upcoming elections ─ the first it has fought for 25 years.

Suu Kyi "must be afraid" of the monks, the source said on condition of anonymity.

"People see this as religious discrimination. Many Muslims are saying they will not vote," the source added.

The disappointment was evident at Mandalay's historic and bustling Joon Mosque, where trustee Khin Maung Win said local people had long supported the NLD.

A Muslim man visiting the Joon Mosque. ─ AFP/File

"It seems Muslims are not accepted at all. In a real democracy, we would have the right to choose," he said.

Buddhist hardliners have painted Myanmar's opposition leader as sympathetic to Muslims ─ a potential Achilles heel in the polls.

The "shift to the right is very worrying" for Myanmar, said analyst Khin Zaw Win of Yangon-based political think-tank the Tampadipa Institute.

"It is a very bad omen for the Muslims of this country," he told AFP.

Swathed in his monk's robe, Wirathu said Buddhist organisations are gearing up for a celebration to mark the passage into law of four bills that include curbs on inter-faith marriage, family size and conversion.

Branding the NLD's reluctance to back the laws as a "black mark", he warned against any attempt to change them.

"Any government that amends these laws will be brought down," he predicted.

The monk, who has earned international notoriety for calling the UN rights envoy Yanghee Lee a "whore", welcomed the lack of Muslim election participation.

"We do not want any foreigner in the parliament," he said.

Muslims chatting along a street in Mandalay. ─ AFP/File

'Unfree and unfair'

Sitting MP Shwe Maung has been at the sharp end of that campaign.

The Rohingya lawmaker for the ruling Union Solidarity and Development Party (USDP) was recently barred from running in the November polls.

Election officials disqualified him after deciding his parents were not citizens ─ despite the fact he currently holds the seat and his father was a senior policeman.

"How many times do we need approval? Now in the middle of the 21st century, 2015, we are in the transition of disciplined democracy in Myanmar. If this is the case the election will be unfree and unfair," he told AFP, referring to the junta's term for the country's managed political transition.

Rohingya, who are often labelled immigrants from Bangladesh despite many having long histories in Myanmar, were courted by the USDP in the run-up to flawed 2010 elections.

A general view of the Joon Mosque in Myanmar's second biggest city of Mandalay. ─ AFP/File

But they have been increasingly ostracised since deadly 2012 unrest between Buddhists and Muslims in Rakhine, which left some 140,000, mainly Rohingya, confined to desperate displacement camps.

The Muslim vote in Shwe Maung's Rakhine constituency area of Butthidaung has all but disappeared ─ from 150,000 in 2010 to an estimated 10 following the move to revoke temporary identification documents and restrict voting rights.

"If people cannot vote, what will be the use of the candidacy? If the candidacy is denied, for whom will people vote?" he said.

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