Nasa and SpaceX celebrated the successful launch on Saturday of a new astronaut capsule on a week-long round trip to the International Space Station — a key step towards resuming manned space flights from US soil after an eight-year break.

This time around, the only occupant on board SpaceX's Crew Dragon capsule was a dummy named Ripley but Nasa plans to put two astronauts aboard later this year.

The new capsule blasted off aboard the Falcon 9 rocket built by SpaceX — run by billionaire Elon Musk — at 2.49am from the Kennedy Space Center at Cape Canaveral, Florida, lighting up the coastline.

Eleven minutes later, the confirmation came from SpaceX mission control: “Dragon separation confirmed.” That triggered cheers at the firm's headquarters and at the Kennedy Space Center.

The capsule is scheduled to reach the ISS by Sunday at around 11am with a return to Earth next Friday. It will splash down in the Atlantic Ocean, from where it will be brought back to Cape Canaveral.

In another success, the rocket's first stage returned to Earth, landing on a platform 500 kilometres off the Florida coast in the Atlantic. It marks the 35th such recovery by SpaceX.

Nasa had announced weather conditions were good head of the launch, with an 80 per cent chance of favourable weather.

SpaceX chief Elon Musk, who founded the company in 2002, was at the space centre for the occasion.

“This is a critically important event in American history,” the head of the United States space agency, Jim Bridenstine, told reporters on Friday, with the rocket and capsule visible behind him on the legendary launch pad where the Apollo missions to the Moon began.

“We're on the precipice of launching American astronauts on American rockets from American soil again for the first time since the retirement of the space shuttles in 2011.”

The excitement was palpable at Cape Canaveral, from the space-fan volunteers guiding media on site, to the tourists who came to watch.

“It's been a long eight years,” the Kennedy Space Center's director Bob Cabana, a former astronaut himself, said as SpaceX employees milled around the rocket. After the shuttle programme was shuttered in July 2011 following a 30-year run, Nasa began outsourcing the logistics of its space missions.

It pays Russia to get its people up to the ISS orbiting research facility at a cost of $82 million per head for a round trip.

In 2014, the US space agency awarded contracts to SpaceX and Boeing for them to take over this task. But the programme has suffered delays as safety requirements are much more stringent for manned flights than for unmanned missions to deploy satellites.

“We're going to have more access to space at a better cost than at any point in human history,” said Bridenstine, adding he was “100 per cent confident” that a manned flight would happen by year's end.

Boeing next

Boeing also received a contract in 2014 to develop a space vessel, the Starliner. It will not be tested until April, in a mission similar to SpaceX's.

Nasa did not want to rely on just one single vehicle, in case of accidents.

“We're going to be a customer,” Bridenstine told reporters.

Planning has been delayed by around three years, with the first manned SpaceX flight still pencilled in for July, though officials frequently refer to the end of 2019 as a more realistic deadline.

“We're going to take it day by day,” Bridenstine said of the timeline. “Right now, the date is July and that's what we're planning for, but if we change that date we'll make sure people know when it's the right time.”

Doug Hurley, one of the two astronauts chosen for the future first manned flight, said: “We will be ready when SpaceX and Nasa are ready for us to fly.”

'Going to learn a ton'

Saturday's flight aims to test the vessel's reliability and safety in real-life conditions.

The dummy riding in the capsule — which SpaceX's Hans Koenigsmann prefers to call a “smartie” — has been nicknamed Ripley in honour of the character played by Sigourney Weaver in the “Alien” movies.

It is fitted with monitors to test the forces that future astronauts will be subjected to on takeoff and when they return to the Earth's atmosphere and then splash down in the Atlantic, slowed down by giant parachutes.

“We're going to learn a ton from this mission,” said Kathy Lueders, the manager of Nasa's Commercial Crew programme.

For SpaceX, sending an astronaut into orbit would be a culmination of years of hard work and high-risk investment.

“Every mission is important, but this is even more important, said Koenigsmann, the firm's vice-president for build and flight reliability.

“Early on, our goal was human spaceflight,” he said. “Human spaceflight is a core value of business of SpaceX.”

In less than a decade, SpaceX has become a key partner for Nasa, in addition to dominating the market for private satellite launches. Its Falcon 9 rockets have resupplied the space station 15 times in seven years, even though one of them blew up in 2015.