Moderna Inc’s coronavirus vaccine on Friday became the second to receive emergency use authorisation from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), welcome news to a nation with a staggering Covid-19 death toll of over 307,000 lives lost.

Millions of doses of the Moderna vaccine are expected to be added to the US rollout, which began this week with healthcare workers. Older people in long-term care facilities are next in line for vaccines, with a US Centres for Disease Control and Prevention expert panel on Sunday set to recommend what groups follow, as industries compete to have their workers given precedence.

The FDA announced the authorisation the day after the agency’s panel of outside experts endorsed its use and a week after the FDA authorised a vaccine from Pfizer Inc and German partner BioNTech SE.

The vaccine from Pfizer and BioNTech, based on similar technology, has been put into the arms of thousands of US healthcare workers this week in a massive nationwide rollout. Moderna injections are expected to begin in coming days for adults 18 years old and up.

“With the availability of two vaccines now for the prevention of Covid-19, the FDA has taken another crucial step in the fight against this global pandemic that is causing vast numbers of hospitalisations and deaths in the United States each day,” FDA Commissioner Stephen Hahn, MD, said in a statement.

Moderna’s shot is expected to be used in harder-to-reach locations, such as rural hospitals. The vaccine needs to be stored and shipped frozen, but does not require the ultra-cold temperatures of the Pfizer/BioNTech shot.

The speed of vaccine development — less than a year from when the first case of the new coronavirus was found in the United States — is a stunning scientific success, although there is some hesitancy among the public.

“It is my hope that all Americans will protect themselves by getting vaccinated when the vaccine becomes available to them. That is how our country will begin to heal and move forward,” top US infectious disease scientist Anthony Fauci said in a statement.

Moderna said it intended to apply for full US license in 2021.

The FDA decision marks the first regulatory authorisation in the world for Moderna’s vaccine and validation of its messenger RNA technology, shown to be nearly 95 per cent effective with no serious safety concerns. It comes less than a year after the first Covid-19 case was identified in the United States.

The vaccine, developed in partnership with the National Institutes of Health, had relatively minor side effects including pain around the injection site and swelling.

The biotech company has worked with the US government to prepare for the distribution of 5.9 million shots starting as early as this weekend.

Once thawed, the Moderna vaccine can be kept at typical refrigerator temperatures. It is administered in two shots 28 days apart.

Between the two vaccines, the United States is expecting 40 million doses before year end, enough to eventually vaccinate 20 million people, as both require two shots.

“Brighter days lie ahead,” responded US President-elect Joe Biden, who plans to be vaccinated on Monday.

US President Donald Trump on Twitter hailed the authorisation. “Congratulations, the Moderna vaccine is now available!” he wrote.

The vaccine must be transported to hospitals and other centres before injections begin.

Moderna said it would deliver approximately 20 million doses to the US government this year and expected to have between 100 million and 125 million globally in the first quarter of next year, with 85-100 million of those for the United States.

Moderna has deals with the US government to provide a total of 200 million doses by the end of June 2021. Other vaccines still are in testing, including a one-shot injection from Johnson & Johnson, and a two-shot course from AstraZeneca and Oxford University.

US hospitalisations and deaths have surged, driven by last month’s Thanksgiving holiday gatherings. Authorities have renewed restrictions and shutdowns across the country.

Public health officials have warned infections from Christmas and New Year’s celebrations could exacerbate a crisis that already threatens to overwhelm healthcare systems nationwide.

Even with two highly effective vaccines, practices such as social distancing and face covering will be needed for months before enough people are inoculated to curb virus transmission and eventually end the pandemic.

“With strong federal funding for swift vaccine rollout and education, and by following the guidance of public health experts to continue wearing masks and maintaining distance, we can bring the end of this pandemic closer,” Barbara Alexander, head of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, said in a statement.