After limping its way back from the Covid pandemic last year, the global economic recovery has been rattled by the Omicron variant’s rapid rise.

The travel industry has been thrown into disarray again, workers have been forced to isolate at home and governments are facing a stark choice between imposing restrictions or letting the economy be.

Could the highly-contagious Omicron variant have a severe impact on the recovery? Or will its mild symptoms keep the economy from sinking again? How bad a hit on growth?

The head of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), Kristalina Georgieva, warned last month that global economic growth forecasts may have to be slashed following the emergence of Omicron.

The IMF has previously banked on growth of 5.9 per cent for 2021 and 4.9pc this year, but it could now revise its estimates later this month.

To soften the blow on the economy, US health authorities have cut the isolation period for asymptomatic cases by half to five days.

Countries with lower vaccination rates face greater uncertainty and a zero-Covid policy in China could put a brake on growth in the world’s second biggest economy

Mark Zandi, chief economist at Moody’s, told AFP he expects US growth of 2.2pc in the first quarter, more than half lower than a previous estimate of 5.2pc.

“Omicron is already doing economic damage, as is clear from weaker credit card spending, a decline in restaurant bookings, air flight cancelations, and many schools going back to online learning,” Mr Zandi said.

“However, I do expect Omicron to pass through quickly and for growth to rebound in the second quarter, and growth for the year to be unaffected,” he added.

“Broadly, I think each wave of the virus is doing less damage to the healthcare system and economy than the previous wave.” In the Eurozone, tighter restrictions, consumer caution and absenteeism will reduce economic activity in the next few weeks, but the economy will rebound in February, according to Andrew Kenningham, chief Europe economist at Capital Economics.

Countries with lower vaccination rates, which are mainly developing economies, face greater uncertainty, and a zero-Covid policy in China could put a brake on growth in the world’s second biggest economy as it locks down entire cities.

Will tourism suffer?

The travel industry was looking forward to a rebound in 2022 after it was devastated by border closures and lockdowns.

But the emergence of Omicron during the key winter holiday season caused thousands of flight cancellations, cruises to be forced to dock and fewer hotel bookings.

Investors, however, have been optimistic, as shares of airline and cruise companies have risen in recent weeks.

“The markets seemed to be looking at the post-Omicron period,” said Alexandre Baradez, analyst at IG France.

Will inflation worsen?

The economic recovery has had an adverse side effect: inflation that has soared to decades-high levels in the United States and Europe as energy prices soared and rising demand faced supply shortages.

Central banks have insisted that high inflation is only temporary and prices will eventually fall, but it has hurt consumers and businesses.

Could it get worse?

“Little is certain about Omicron’s impact on consumer demand, but people who stay at home because of the variant are more likely to spend their money on retail goods rather than services like dining out or in-person entertainment,” said Jack Kleinhenz, chief economist at the US National Retail Federation.

“That would put further pressure on inflation since supply chains are already overloaded across the globe,” he said.

Supply chain bottlenecks caused shortages of a slew of a materials last year, driving up prices of many products. Higher demand for products on goods on supply could further fuel price increases.

The Federal Reserve rattled markets this week as minutes from its December meeting showed that the US central bank was ready to tighten monetary policy more aggressively to tame inflation.

Elsewhere, inflation is eroding purchasing power after running into double digits in Brazil and Nigeria.

In Britain, the British Chambers of Commerce said 58pc of firms expect their prices to increase in the next three months.

End of stimulus?

Governments deployed massive stimulus programmes in 2020 to save their economies, piling up $226 trillion of debt, according to the IMF.

Furlough schemes to keep people employed “made sense” when there was so much uncertainty and entire industries shut down, said Niclas Poitiers, research fellow at Bruegel, a Brussels-based think tank.

“I don’t see yet the necessity for massive funds to the economy,” Mr Poitiers said.

The United States and Europe are instead investing in structural programmes, such as President Joe Biden’s $1.75tr “Build Back Better” social and climate spending plan.

Published in Dawn, The Business and Finance Weekly, January 10th, 2022