The Supreme Court on Tuesday, in its decision on a presidential reference seeking interpretation of Article 63-A of the Constitution which is related to the status of defecting lawmakers, said the votes of defecting lawmakers will not be counted.

The verdict by the larger bench of the apex court was a 3-2 split decision, with a majority of the judges not allowing lawmakers to vote against party line in four instances outlined under Article 63-A.

These four instances are the election of prime minister and chief minister; a vote of confidence or no-confidence; a Constitution amendment bill; and a money bill.

Chief Justice of Pakistan (CJP) Umar Ata Bandial, Justice Ijazul Ahsan and Justice Munib Akhtar gave the majority verdict while Justice Mazhar Alam Khan Miankhel and Justice Jamal Khan Mandokhail were the dissenting judges, who said that giving an opinion on the presidential reference was akin to "rewriting the Constitution".

In the reference, President Arif Alvi had asked four main questions from the apex court:

• Should Article 63-A have a limited or a broad, purpose-oriented interpretation?
• Will the defecting members' vote be counted, given equal weightage?
• Will the defectors be disqualified for life?
• Measures that can be taken to prevent defection, floor crossing and vote-buying

Question 1: Should Article 63-A have a limited or a broad, purpose-oriented interpretation?

The short order, a copy of which is available with Dawn.com, said that the first question was related to the proper approach to be taken for the interpretation and application of Article 63-A.

"In our view, this provision cannot be read and applied in isolation and in a manner as though it is aloof from, or indifferent to, whatever else is provided in the Constitution," the verdict stated,

It said that Article 63-A was an "expression in the Constitution itself of certain aspects of the fundamental rights that inhere in political parties under clause (2) of Article 17," adding that the two provisions were "intertwined".

Article 17 of the Constitution guarantees citizens the fundamental right "to form or be a member of a political party".

The verdict went on to say that defections were "one of the most pernicious ways" in which political parties could be destabilised, noting that they could also delegitimise parliamentary democracy.

"Defections rightly stand condemned as a cancer afflicting the body politic. They cannot be countenanced," the order said, adding that 63-A must be interpreted in a "purposive and robust manner".

"The pith and substance of Article 63-A is to enforce the fundamental right of political parties under Article 17 [...] It must therefore be interpreted and applied in a broad manner, consistent with fundamental rights," the verdict said.

If there is a conflict between the fundamental rights of the collectivity [political party] and an individual member, the former must prevail, it added.

Question 2: Will the defecting members' vote be counted, given equal weightage?

Giving its stance on the second question, the verdict said that the vote of any member of a parliamentary party in a house "that is cast contrary to any direction issued by the latter in terms of para (b) of clause (1) of Article 63-A cannot be counted and must be disregarded, and this is so regardless of whether the party head, subsequent to such vote, proceeds to take, or refrains from taking, action that would result in a declaration of defection."

Question 3: Will the defectors be disqualified for life?

The court also observed that a declaration of defection could could result in disqualification under Article 63 if parliament passed an appropriate law.

"While it is for parliament to enact such legislation, it must be said that it is high time that such a law is placed on the statute book. If such legislation is enacted it should not amount to a mere slap on the wrist but must be a robust and proportionate response to the evil that it is designed to thwart and eradicate," the order stated in response to the third question.

Question 4: Measures that can be taken to prevent defection, floor crossing and vote-buying

The verdict refrained from giving an opinion on the fourth question, deeming it to be "vague, too broad and general". It subsequently returned the question unanswered.

Dissenting note

In the dissenting note, Justice Miankhel and Justice Mandokhail stated that Article 63-A was a "complete code" in itself and provided a comprehensive procedure regarding defection as well as the consequences for doing so.

"In case the Election Commission of Pakistan confirms the declaration sent by a party head against a member, he/she shall cease to be a member of the House. As a result thereof, his/her seat shall become vacant," the judges said, adding that a right of appeal had also been provided under Article 63-A.

They said that any further interpretation of Article 63-A would amount to "rewriting or reading into the Constitution", which would affect its provisions that had not even been asked by the president.

"Therefore, it is not our mandate. We see no force in the questions asked through this presidential reference, which are answered in the negative. However, if parliament deems fit or appropriate, [it] may impose further bar or restrictions upon the defectors," the judges concluded.

PTI hails verdict

PTI's Advocate Babar Awan bid "farewell" to the current government and said the verdict meant the end for the Punjab government as well. "What is the next constitutional option?" he asked.

PTI Secretary General Asad Umar congratulated the nation and said the legitimacy of the Punjab government had ended.

"The federal government should resign immediately. There are no grounds for a government formed through foreign interference and turncoats to continue for another day," Umar demanded.

PTI Vice President Fawad Chaudhry, addressing a press conference in Lahore, said the verdict had made the governments of Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif and Punjab Chief Minister Hamza Sharif lose their majority.

"They should resign today from their positions and immediately leave them. I request the president to dissolve the [National] Assembly and provincial assembly and go towards new elections," Chaudhry said.

PTI Vice Chairman Shah Mahmood Qureshi also welcomed the verdict and said it had closed the door on horse-trading.

"The imported federal government, which came to power through an external conspiracy with the help of a curse like floor-crossing, should announce elections immediately," he demanded.

Attorney general presents arguments

Earlier today, the bench had wrapped up proceedings and reversed its verdict.

The first hearing of the case took place on March 21 by a two-member bench, after which CJP Bandial constituted a larger bench to hear the matter, which took over news and public discourse in the country after at least a dozen members of the then ruling PTI, who were staying at Islamabad's Sindh House, came out in open defiance of their party on the issue of the no-confidence motion submitted by the joint opposition against then-premier Imran Khan.

During today's hearing, PML-N lawyer Makhdoom Ali Khan submitted his detailed response to the court and asked for more time to present his arguments. He maintained that the situation had changed and he needed more time to seek instructions from his client.

Newly appointed Attorney General for Pakistan Ashtar Ausaf (AGP) also completed his arguments during today's hearing. At the last hearing, Justice Bandial had expressed his disappointment over the AGP's absence.

Taking the rostrum, Ausaf said that questions pertaining to public interest or the law could be raised in a presidential reference.

"Is the question asked [under] Article 186 not related to the formation of the government?" the chief justice asked. Article 186 is related to the advisory jurisdiction of the apex court.

The AGP replied that the president had never sent such a reference in the past over similar incidents, and urged the court to also view the reference within the context of the past.

Justice Ahsan remarked that the president did not need to seek legal advice from the attorney general before filing a reference. According to Article 186, the president can send a reference when a legal question arises, he pointed out, asking whether the AGP was disassociating himself from the presidential reference.

"I haven't received any instructions from the government," Ausaf replied, adding that he would aid the court in his capacity as AGP.

At one point, Justice Ahsan asked whether the AGP was trying to imply that the presidential reference was not admissible. "Are you suggesting that the reference be sent back without providing an answer?"

Justice Akhtar also recalled that the former AGP had declared the reference to be admissible. However, as the AGP, you can also present your stance, he said.

The AGP said that the reference was filed on the advice of former prime minister Imran Khan. He also clarified that he was presenting his stance, adding that the former government's lawyers were present to do the same for them.

Ausaf stated that President Arif Alvi should have sought the opinion of legal experts before filing the reference. "If the opinions differed, then the president could have sent the reference," he said.

Here, CJP Bandial said that several hearings had been dedicated to hearing the presidential reference. Articles 17 and 63 of the Constitution both talk about the rights of political parties while the latter protects these rights, he observed.

The CJP pointed out that the reference was filed in March and the court had been hearing it for a month-and-a-half. "Don't focus on technical matters because things have proceeded beyond the point of whether or not the reference is admissible," he told the AGP.

AGP said that this was a constitutional, not a technical matter. He also argued that the apex court had to keep in mind the rights of workers and political parties.

He explained that the procedure for taking action against dissident members was underlined in Article 63-A, adding that the appeal against the sentence would be taken up by the apex court.

He also argued that a lawmaker was not automatically de-seated when disqualified under Article 63(1). The lawmaker is issued a show-cause notice and asked to provide an explanation, he said. "If the party head is not satisfied, he can send a reference against the dissident lawmaker," Ausaf added.

At one point, Justice Mandokhail asked whether the president had ever raised this issue during his annual speech in parliament. He also wondered whether any political party had ever taken steps to seek the interpretation of or amend Article 63-A.

The attorney general replied that after facing defeat in the Senate elections, the former prime minister (Imran Khan) did not issue any instructions to lawmakers.

He went on to say that Imran had issued a statement before seeking a vote of confidence from lawmakers in March 2021, in which he said that lawmakers should make a decision based on their conscience.

Imran Khan said that if he does not secure the trust vote, he would go back home, the attorney general said.

Justice Ahsan observed that issuing directions was up to the party head. "He (Imran) was also the prime minister when the no-confidence vote took place," he said.

Ausaf responded by saying that the former prime minister had backtracked on his earlier stance, which led to Justice Ahsan asking whether it was unheard of for the prime minister to change his instructions.

"The prime minister has taken an oath under the Constitution. He can't backtrack on his statement," the attorney general said.

He went on to say that a lawmaker is elected by the people for a period of five years, following which lawmakers vote to elect the prime minister. "Lawmakers are answerable to the people," he said.

The AGP also argued that lawmakers could vote to change the prime minister if the latter failed to fulfil the promises made with the people.

"Can't laws be made to punish lawmakers who defect," asked Justice Akhtar. Ausaf replied that they could be passed but parliament had not yet taken this up.

Justice Akhtar also questioned the basis on which the attorney general argued that Article 63-A was not applicable in this case. "Article 62, 63 cannot be applied until you amend the Constitution," Ausaf replied.

"So far, you are saying that laws can be made," Justice Akhtar observed, to which Ausaf replied that the apex court could not amend the Constitution.

"Only parliament can amend Article 62, 63 and 63-A," he said. Concluding his arguments, he said that the Constitution had fixed a penalty for defection which could not be increased without making a constitutional amendment.

Article 63-A

According to Article 63-A of the Constitution, a parliamentarian can be disqualified on grounds of defection if he "votes or abstains from voting in the House contrary to any direction issued by the parliamentary party to which he belongs, in relation to election of the prime minister or chief minister; or a vote of confidence or a vote of no-confidence; or a money bill or a Constitution (amendment) bill".

The article says that the party head has to declare in writing that the MNA concerned has defected but before making the declaration, the party head will "provide such member with an opportunity to show cause as to why such declaration may not be made against him".

After giving the member a chance to explain their reasons, the party head will forward the declaration to the speaker, who will forward it to the chief election commissioner (CEC). The CEC will then have 30 days to confirm the declaration. If confirmed by the CEC, the member "shall cease to be a member of the House and his seat shall become vacant".

Presidential reference

Ahead of its ouster, the PTI government had filed a presidential reference for the interpretation of Article 63-A, asking the top court about the "legal status of the vote of party members when they are clearly involved in horse-trading and change their loyalties in exchange for money".

In the reference, President Dr Arif Alvi also asked the apex court whether a member who "engages in constitutionally prohibited and morally reprehensible act of defection" could claim the right to have his vote counted and given equal weightage or if there was a constitutional restriction to exclude such "tainted" votes.

He also asked the court to elaborate whether a parliamentarian, who had been declared to have committed defection, would be disqualified for life. Alvi cautioned that unless horse-trading is eliminated, "a truly democratic polity shall forever remain an unfilled distant dream and ambition".

"Owing to the weak interpretation of Article 63-A entailing no prolonged disqualification, such members first enrich themselves and then come back to remain available to the highest bidder in the next round perpetuating this cancer."

The reference had been filed at a time when the then-opposition claimed the support of several dissident PTI lawmakers ahead of voting on the no-confidence resolution against then-prime minister Imran Khan. Eventually, the dissident lawmakers votes were not needed in Imran's removal, as the opposition managed to stitch together support from government-allied political parties.

However, the role of dissident lawmakers was crucial in the election of opposition candidate Hamza Shehbaz as the Punjab chief minister who bagged 197 votes, including from 25 PTI dissidents.