Trillions of dollars wiped off world stocks, bond market tantrums, whip-sawing currency and commodities and the collapse of a few crypto empires — 2022 has been perhaps the most turbulent year investors have ever seen, and for good reason.

Tallying the final numbers is useful but doesn't even come close to telling the whole story.

Yes, global equities are down $14 trillion and heading for their second-worst year on record, but there have been nearly 300 interest rate hikes and a trio of 10 per cent-plus rallies in that time making the volatility freakish.

The main drivers have been the war in Ukraine, combined with rampant inflation as global economies broke out of the pandemic, but China remained shackled by it.

US Treasuries and German bonds, the benchmarks of global borrowing markets and traditional go-to assets in troubled times, lost 16pc and 24pc respectively in dollar terms.

DoubleLine Capital's Jeffery Gundlach, dubbed the 'Bond King' in the markets, says conditions got so ugly at points that his team found it almost impossible to trade for days at a time.

“There has been a buyer's strike,” he said. “And understandably so because prices have just been going down until recently.”

Drama kicked in as soon as it became clear that Covid was not going to shutter the global economy again and the world's most influential central bank, the US Federal Reserve, was serious about raising interest rates.

Ten-year Treasury yields jumped to 1.8pc from less than 1.5pc, knocking 5pc off MSCI's world stocks index in January alone.

That yield is now at 3.68pc, stocks are down 20pc while oil prices surged 80pc before giving it all up. The Fed has delivered 400bps of hikes and the European Central Bank a record 250bps, despite saying this time last year it was unlikely to budge.

The dollar has risen almost 9pc against the main world currencies, and 12.5pc against the Japanese yen even after a last-minute Bank of Japan surprise this week gave the yen a lift.

Read: Strong US dollar an unstoppable force endangering other currencies

In emerging markets, Turkey's inflation and monetary policy problems have cost the lira another 28pc, but its stock market is the best performer in the world. Hard-pressed Egypt devalued its currency more than 36pc. Ghana's cedi crashed 60pc as it has joined Sri Lanka in default. Despite being well down from its June highs, Russia's rouble is still the world's second-best performing currency supported by Moscow's capital controls. It was initially smashed after the invasion of Ukraine.

“If you ask me what will happen next year I really couldn't tell you,” said Close Brothers Asset Management's Chief Investment Officer Robert Alster, who, like many, also pointed to the pummeling the pound and British bond markets took when the short-lived government of Liz Truss flirted with an unfunded spending splurge. Ten-year gilt yields soared over 100 bps and the pound lost 9pc in a matter of days — moves the scale of which are rare in major markets.

“If you sell it wrong, don't be surprised if it goes down like a cup of cold sick,” said veteran CMC Markets' analyst Michael Hewson.

Tech problems

The surge in rates has also taken $3.6tr off the tech titans. Facebook and Tesla have both hemorrhaged more than 60pc while Alphabet's Google and Amazon are respectively down 40pc and 50pc.

Chinese stocks have staged a late rally thanks to signs that its zero-Covid policy's days are numbered but they are still down 25pc and emerging market 'hard currency' government debt will notch its first-ever back-to-back loss.

Initial public offerings and bond sales have also slumped almost everywhere apart from the Middle East, while commodities have been the best-performing asset class for a second consecutive year.

Natural gas' more than 50pc rise is the best overall in that group, albeit largely due to the war in Ukraine which had hoisted prices 140pc at one point.

Mounting recession worries along with the West's plan to stop buying Russian oil mean Brent has given back the entire 80pc it made in the first quarter, as have wheat and corn.

The crypto market has been even more chaotic. Bitcoin ends 2022 robbed of its cocktail of cheap money and leveraged bets.

Read: Cryptocurrencies at crossroads after annus horribilis

The pre-eminent cryptocurrency has lost 60pc of its value, while the wider crypto market has shrunk by $1.4tr, squashed by the collapse of Sam Bankman-Fried's FTX empire, Celsius and supposed 'stablecoins' terraUSD and Luna.

“What has gone in global markets this year has been traumatic,” said EFG Bank Chief Economist and ex-deputy governor of Ireland's central bank, Stefan Gerlach.

“But if central banks hadn't underestimated the rise in inflation so dramatically and had to jack up interest rates, it wouldn't have been so catastrophic.”