IN what can fittingly be described as ‘one giant leap for mankind’, over 100 countries have agreed to transition away from fossil fuels at the recently concluded COP28 in Dubai. For the first time in the history of climate talks, there is strong evidence that nations are willing to shift towards cleaner energy sources. The summit’s resolution to phase out oil, gas, and coal use, is a testament to the growing recognition that we must reduce emissions. If one is to be optimistic, this move — long overdue according to EU climate chief Wopke Hoekstra — could mark the beginning of the end of fossil fuels. However, the battle against powerful oil producers like OPEC, who argue for emission reductions without abandoning specific fuels, underscores the geopolitical challenges inherent in global climate negotiations.

COP28’s success, heralded by environmentalists for finally addressing the ‘elephant in the room’, is a significant step forward. However, this is but one step in a long journey. The summit’s agreement, while significant, does not fully address some critical aspects. For instance, the International Energy Agency points out that while the agreement includes their recommendations, like tripling renewable energy capacity by 2030, it fails to provide concrete measures for financing clean energy transitions in developing nations. Moreover, while the agreement recommits to net-zero GHG emissions by 2050, the path to achieving this goal is fraught with obstacles. The challenge of reducing emissions from agriculture and waste — a significant portion of global emissions — remains unaddressed. Scientist Emile Frison’s remark that reaching the 1.5°C target is impossible without tackling food systems highlights the multifaceted nature of climate action. Additionally, the reliance on expensive and unproven technologies like carbon capture and utilisation is a concern. Critics worry that such technologies could justify continued fossil fuel use, undermining progress towards emission reduction. Moreover, the IEA’s revised forecast indicating a robust near-term outlook for oil use contrasts sharply with the commitments made at COP28. This discrepancy between policy and practice is a reminder of the challenges of translating international agreements into tangible actions.

As we look towards the next iteration of the climate change conference in Baku, it is imperative to address these shortcomings. The IEA’s emphasis on discussing finance mechanisms for clean energy in developing countries at COP29 should be a top priority. It is essential to ensure that the momentum gained at COP28 is not lost but rather built upon to create comprehensive, actionable strategies that address all facets of climate change, including the harder-to-reduce emissions from sectors like agriculture and waste. The journey towards a sustainable future is ongoing, and the decisions made now will shape the health of our planet for generations to come.

Published in Dawn, December 18th, 2023