PARIS: White, or reflective, paint is more effective at cooling cities than covering roofs in solar panels or greenery, scientists say, and could offer some relief on extremely hot summer days.

Two separate studies looked at the effect of “cool roofing” and found using white or reflective coatings could reduce outdoor city temperatures by up to two degrees Celsius.

Scientists at University College London (UCL) used a model of Greater London to test various cooling methods against its hottest days of 2018, when the city endu­red a record-breaking summer.

The results, published in the journal Geophysical Research Letters on Thursday, found that if adopted widely, cool roofs could reduce the surrounding temperature between 1.2C and 2C.

Other approaches, like planting vegetation at street level or installing solar panels, provided a much smaller cooling effect at about 0.3C on average across London, the study found.

Covering roofs in greenery had a “negligible” impact on temperatures, it found, though it could offer other benefits like better water draining and habitats for wildlife.

“We comprehensively tested multiple methods that cities like London could use to adapt to and mitigate warming temperatures, and found that cool roofs were the best way to keep temperatures down during extremely hot summer days,” said the study’s lead author, Oscar Brousse from UCL.

“Other methods had various important side benefits, but none were able to reduce outdoor urban heat to nearly the same level.”

Scientists also found that air conditioning, which transfers heat from inside buildings to the outside, could warm the environment by as much as 1C in dense central London.

“By reflecting rather than absorbing heat, cool roofs have the dual benefit of not only cooling the outside urban environment but the inside of buildings as well,” the report said.

‘Minimally intrusive’

A separate study published in March looked at real-world results from painting not just roofs, but also roads and outside walls white in an industrial district of Singapore.

Researchers demonstrated that overall temperatures were reduced up to 2C in the afternoon, helping pedestrians feel 1.5C cooler in tropical climes.

Lighter surfaces reflect heat rather than absorbing it, an effect known as albedo.

Surfaces with high albedo include snow and ice, or light-coloured urban material. By contrast, asphalt has low albedo, absorbing more energy and therefore heat, as do oceans and forests.

Roofing made of white plastic materials have been found in other studies to reflect 80 per cent of sunlight that reaches it.

Among other locations, cool roofing has already been rolled out in Greece, which is vulnerable to scorching summer highs, and parts of India.

Some experiments painting roads and footpaths white have proven less popular, with some complaints about glare and dirty surfaces in cities that tested this approach in US and France.

Published in Dawn, July 6th, 2024