BRASILIA: Brazil uses new technology to tackle clandestine trading that may account for as much as half of the gold output of the country.

Harley Sandoval, an evangelical pastor, real estate agent and mining entrepreneur, was arrested in July 2023 for illegally exporting 294 kilos of gold from Brazil’s Amazon to the United States, Dubai and Italy.

On paper, the gold was sourced from a legal prospect Sandoval was licensed to mine in the northern state of Tocantins. But police said not an ounce of gold had been mined there since colonial times.

Using cutting-edge forensic technology, along with satellite imagery, Brazil’s Federal Police said it was able to establish that the exported gold did not come from the Tocantins prospect. Instead, it had been dug up from three different wildcat mines in neighboring Par, some on protected Indigenous reservation lands, according to previously unreported court documents dated Nov 2023.

Illegal gold mining has surged at thousands of sites in the Amazon rainforest, bringing environmental destruction and criminal violence to the region.

Seizures of illegally mined gold have surged seven-fold in the past seven years, according to Federal Police records.

Sandoval, who has been released pending trial and continues to preach with his wife at a Pentecostal Evangelical church in the central Brazilian city of Goiania, denies the allegations. He maintains there is no way to establish where the gold was mined once it is melted down into ingots for export.

“That’s impossible. To export gold one always has to melt it down,” he said by telephone.

The DNA of gold

Historically, gold is notoriously difficult to trace, especially once metal from different sources has been melted together, erasing the original signatures. After that, it can easily be traded as a financial asset or be used in the jewelry industry.

But investigators say that’s starting to change.

A police programme called “Targeting Gold” is creating a database of samples from across Brazil that are examined with radio-isotope scans and fluorescence spectroscopy to determine the unique composition of elements.

The technique, long used in archaeology, was pioneered in mining by University of Pretoria geologist Roger Dixon to help distinguish between legal and stolen gold.

The programme developed in partnership with university researchers includes the use of powerful light beams from a particle accelerator at a Sao Paulo lab to study nano-sized impurities associated with gold, be it dirt or other metals like lead or copper, that help trace its origins.

Humberto Freire, director of the Federal Police’s recently-created Environment and Amazon Department, said the technology allows scientists to analyse “the DNA of Brazilian gold.” “Nature has marked the gold with isotopes and we can read these unique fingerprints with radio-isotope scans,” Freire said. “With this tool we can trace illegal gold before it gets refined for export.”

The programme has helped fuel an increase in gold seizures since leftist President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva took office last year up 38 per cent in 2023 from 2022, according to government numbers. New Brazil central bank gold market regulations, including mandatory electronic tax receipts for all trades and tightened monitoring of suspect transactions, have also helped, according to Freire.

“We estimate that around 40pc of the gold that is extracted in the Amazon is illegal,” he said. Brazil exported 110 tonnes of gold in 2020 worth $5 billion, according to official data, ranking among the world’s top 20 exporters. Last year, exports were 77.7 tonnes, a drop the government attributes to improved enforcement of illegal mining.

Lula’s predecessor, far-right President Jair Bolsonaro weakened environmental controls in the Amazon.

Published in Dawn, December 15th, 2024