RIYADH: With a map of China on the wall behind him, 14-year-old Yasser al-Shaalan studied the names of professions in a Chinese textbook, one of thousands of Saudi children now learning the language at school.

Mandarin’s entry into public schools is the latest sign of growing ties between Saudi Arabia and China, as the oil-rich Gulf kingdom pushes to diversify its economy and strategic alliances. “The pupils at the other schools are proficient in English. I know Arabic, English and Chinese, which is a great asset for my future,” Shaalan said.

In August, Saudi Arabia introduced China’s official language as a compulsory second foreign language after English in six of its 13 administrative regions’ schools. Shaalan and his classmates have three Mandarin lessons a week, taught by their teacher Ma Shuaib, a Chinese national and Muslim who is fluent in Arabic.

In their classroom in northern Riyadh, close to the Saudi headquarters of Chinese e-commerce giant Alibaba, Shaalan and his classmates learn Chinese characters shown on an electronic whiteboard. “At first it was difficult, but now it has become easy and fun,” the teenager said.

Mandarin is one of the world’s most widely spoken languages, and the overwhelming majority of its speakers live in China.

‘Language of the future’

After a visit to China in 2019, Saudi crown prince and de facto ruler Mohammed bin Salman announced a plan to introduce Chinese throughout the education system. Since then, several Saudi universities have opened programmes in Chinese.

In 2023, Prince Sultan University in Riyadh inaugurated the kingdom’s first branch of the Confucius Institute. Following China’s emergence as a major economic power, Mandarin teaching has become increasingly popular around the world, including in Europe.

However, in 2022 Germany warned the Confucius Institute language centres were being “used by the Communist Party for political ends”.

Dozens have closed in the United States, Sweden, France, Australia and Canada in recent years, following similar accusations. In Saudi Arabia, no such fears have been expressed. In Riyadh, Ma said that while “Chinese is one of the most difficult languages”, he uses “modern methods” to make it easier.

“I use a digital board, gestures and interactive games to motivate the students,” he explained. While learning Chinese is compulsory, marks for the course do not count towards the students’ overall grades.

“At the beginning, we focus on listening, speaking and reading, then we move on to writing,” added Ma, who teaches five classes a week at the Yazeed bin Abi Othman School. Sattam al-Otaibi, the school’s director, said: “Chinese is the language of the future for economic communication. The world depends on China for many industries.”

Thousands of Chinese people work in Saudi Arabia, particularly in Riyadh, where the airport now displays trilingual signs in Arabic, English and Chinese.

Saudi Arabia is a long-standing partner of the United States but has also strengthened its relations with China and Russia.

Published in Dawn, March 5th, 2025