STOCKHOLM, Aug 21: Some 1.2 billion people have no toilets and defecate outside, while aid workers find shame effective in getting them to use facilities once provided, experts meeting in Stockholm heard this week.

Humanitarian organisations have for decades tried various ways be it new systems, pumps or subsidies of getting people in developing countries to stop defecating outdoors due to the serious health risks concerned.

But despite their efforts, many poor continue to ignore the advice, primarily in Asia and Africa.

For many given toilets by aid groups, it becomes the most precious item they own because they use it as a religious shrine or a dry place to store firewood, international development consultant Kamal Kar said.

“What’s becoming quite apparent is that the way you actually have an impact on health, development and poverty alleviation is when people adopt certain behaviours,” Clarissa Brocklehurst, the head of Unicef’s water, environment and sanitation programme, said.

In recent years, experts have found that the best method has been to shame people into using some form of toilets, even the most primitive sort, to confine excreta.

“It’s just a matter of getting them to understand that what is a long established habit is in fact harmful and that you can do something about it,” said Brocklehurst, one of 2,500 experts meeting this week in Stockholm to discuss water and sanitation issues at World Water Week.

She cited the example of India, where 48 per cent of the population still practices “open defecation”, or some 665 million people.

“We actually use shame. We go into communities and say to people: do you realise how faecally contaminated your community is?

“And you get them to realise how disgusting this is, to live in an environment that is totally contaminated,” she said.

The sense of shame is then turned into empowerment, triggering community members to take control over their lives and install toilets.

Such community-based projects, called Community Led Total Sanitation, started in Bangladesh and have been “wildly successful” and are now implemented in 28 countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America, according to Kamal Kar.

He stressed that eliminating subsidies was one of the keys to the success of the projects.

“Families were spending money on treating diarrhoea and other diseases but would not spend money on installing a toilet because they expected to be given money for that by aid groups,” he said.

But removing that option prompted change, he said.

“Here, the assumption is that everyone is a human being, everyone has self-respect. Help them to analyse their own situation, and no one in the world will after that choose to continue eating each other’s shit,” Kar said.—AFP