MADRID: In parts of Europe they are still shunned as disruptive outsiders or patronised as little more than an exotic source of music and dance, but scientists have now proved the continent’s Gypsies have ancient roots stretching back more than a millennium.

A genetic analysis of 13 Gypsy groups around Europe, published in the Current Biology journal, has revealed that the migration on the continent of Gypsy forebears from northern India happened far earlier than was thought, around 1,500 years ago.

The earliest population reached the Balkans, while the spread outwards from there came around nine centuries ago, according to researchers at Spain’s Institute of Evolutionary Biology and elsewhere.

“There were already some linguistic studies that gave clues pointing to India and genetic studies too, though without being precise about the where or when,” explained David Comas, who led the research group.

“Now we can see that they arrived in one single wave from the north-west of India around 1,500 years ago,” he added.

Gypsies were originally thought to have come from Egypt and some of the earliest references to them in English, dating back to the 16th century, call them “Egyptians”.

Early European references describe wandering, nomadic communities who were known for their music and skill with horses.

They arrived in Spain in the 15th century or earlier — with records of groups of up to a hundred gypsies travelling together, often led by someone who termed himself a “count” or “duke” — and held on despite attempts to expel them or imprison those who refused to give up their language and culture. They were accompanied by a legend that they had been expelled from Egypt for trying to hide Jesus Christ.

The new study now sets their arrival in Europe in the sixth century — a time when Britain was still in its early post-Roman era.

Gypsies, often referred to as Roma, are found across all of Europe and make up the continent’s largest ethnic minority.

There are about 11 million of them in Europe.

Centuries of discrimination, including systematic extermination by some 20th-century fascist regimes, have helped keep many of them marginalised.

“There is still widespread discrimination and this is the most marginalised minority in Europe,” said Robert Kushen of the European Roma Rights Centre in Hungary.

Both Nicolas Sarkozy’s France and Silvio Berlusconi’s Italy targeted Gypsy communities with populist eviction policies, while long-running discrimination continues in much of eastern Europe.

Sarkozy’s Socialist successor, Francois Hollande, has done little to change policies in France.

“They suffer from forced evictions — and have been targeted recently in both France and Italy,” Kushen said. “And it seems that in some places, like Romania and Bulgaria, the laws applying to free movement within the European Union don’t quite apply to them in the same way that they apply to other people.”

But the stereotypical wandering Gypsy in a mule-drawn caravan belongs to the distant past. The vast majority of Europe’s Gypsies have long been settled. “There is still the myth of the nomad, which drives bad policy in places like Italy, where the government maintains they are nomads when in fact they are not,” said Kushen.

Kushen’s group has called on the European Union to bypass national governments, many of whom ignore EU rules on the treatment of Gypsies and Roma, in order to enforce policies.

And Comas’s study shows not only that they share common ancestry from north-west India, but also that they have mixed extensively with other Europeans.

“That is more pronounced in northern and western Europe,” he said. “They conserve the genetic footprint from India, but their ancestors are both European and Indian.”

By arrangement with the Guardian