FORTALEZA: With Brazil hosting the World Cup next year, officials fear an explosion in child prostitution as sex workers migrate to big cities and traffickers recruit more underage prostitutes to meet the demand from local and foreign soccer fans.

“We're worried sexual exploitation will increase in the host cities and around them,” said Joseleno Vieira dos Santos, who coordinates a national programme to fight the sexual exploitation of children at Brazil's Human Rights Secretariat.

We're trying to coordinate efforts as much as we can with state and city governments to understand the scope of the problem.

Child prostitution is driven mostly by local demand in Brazil, with more than 75 per cent of clients coming from the same or nearby states as their victims, according to estimates from the secretariat. Sex tourism targeting children is active in larger cities along the coast and increases at times of big events such as Carnival or New Year's Eve festivities. It won't be different with the World Cup, and authorities face a big challenge as sex workers of all ages, and the people who control them, look to cash in.

The Minas Gerais State Association of Prostitutes, an organisation that represents sex workers in one of Brazil's largest states, is even offering free English lessons to prostitutes in Belo Horizonte, another World Cup host city. “There'll be a lot more people circulating in this area during the games for sure and the city will be full of tourists,” said Giovana, a 19-year-old transvestite working a corner near Fortaleza's Castelo stadium. “I know there'll be more work for everybody - women, girls, everybody.”

Big Bucks

The World Cup is expected to attract 600,000 foreign visitors to Brazil and they will spend an estimated 25 billion reais ($11 billion) while travelling in the country, said the Brazilian tourism board, Embratur. The championship as a whole could inject 113 billion reais into the Brazilian economy by 2014 FIFA said citing an Ernst & Young report.

For its part, Brazil's government will have spent 33 billion reais on stadiums, transport and other infrastructure by the time the tournament kicks off, plus $10 million on advertising.

In contrast, very little is being spent on fighting the sexual exploitation of minors, campaigners say. Despite more than a decade of government vows to eradicate child prostitution, the number of child sex workers in Brazil stood at around half a million in 2012, according to the National Forum for the Prevention of Child Labor, a network of non-profit groups.

That's a big increase since 2001, when 100,000 children worked in the sex trade, according to Unicef estimates. The Human Rights Secretariat earmarked eight million reais for World Cup host cities to set up projects to fight child prostitution, but not all cities had programmes in place to absorb the funds, Santos explained.

Santos' department is finishing a review of child prostitution in key locations and will then decide what action to take. But any programmes they undertake will only scratch the surface. “We realise we're only touching the tip of the iceberg with these actions for the World Cup, but we hope to build capacity and implement longer-lasting programmes in the future,” he said.

Beyond the Human Rights Secretariat, the government could not provide data on total spending to fight child prostitution. But campaigners say some programmes have been shut down and they argue the government isn't doing enough to address the problem.

“This subject isn't really part of the government's agenda and we don't see a willingness to combine efforts or increase resources to address the sexual exploitation of children,” said Denise Cesario, executive manager of Fundao Abrinq, a local partner of Save the Children International.

The Lure of Fortazela

Sex tourism happens across Brazil but Fortaleza, a top tourist destination with sandy white beaches and 300 days a year of guaranteed sunshine, is the industry's main hub.

According to social workers like Ceclia dos Santos Gis, who works at children's rights charity Cedeca, a culture of machismo combined with extreme poverty and drug use has created the perfect environment for sexual exploitation. In the poor and arid outskirts of Fortaleza, it's culturally acceptable for fathers to sell their daughters into the sex trade as a source of income, Gis said.

More phone calls are made from Fortaleza to a nationwide toll-free number to report child sexual exploitation than from any other Brazilian city on a per capita basis, experts say.

While international sex tourism is prominent in Fortaleza, it represents only a third of all reported child prostitution cases. Prostitutes with Brazilian clients, from Ceará or surrounding states, are far more common, prosecutors said.

Many of Fortaleza's young sex workers see prostitution as a way of escaping their circumstances. Jessica, 16, a tall brunette with thin plucked eyebrows and baby blue nail polish, began sex work with local clients, earning about $18 a night, before graduating to bigger nightclubs and groups of foreign tourists for about $90 a night.

Police arrested her in a September raid on a club on Iracema beach, the epicentre of Fortaleza's sex trade. They took her to one of four shelters for underage prostitutes, a discreet two-storey house, accessible only through a narrow iron gate watched around the clock by security guards.

Waiting for a Prince

Sitting in the small room she shares with three younger girls, Jessica said one of her regular clients, a Spaniard, had promised to take her to Europe.

"I told him I was 18 and I was getting my passport," she said, tucking a rainbow-coloured tank top into green and yellow tropical-print stretch pants.

I paid 500 reais for a fake ID and was saving money to buy a fake passport. But in the end I was afraid to go.

Sex traffickers and clients are rarely punished and when prosecutors do manage to build a case, victims often change their testimony and the cases are thrown out, said Francisco Carlos Pereira de Andrade, a prosecutor specialising in child exploitation.

Of the 2,000 cases before his department, which only handles sexual violence against children, only about 20 involve child prostitution. The face of sex tourism in Fortaleza is also changing, making it more difficult to catch criminals, Andrade said.

Instead of working the streets, organised rings of sex traffickers, hotel managers and taxi drivers recruit young girls. Foreign clients order the underage prostitutes and they are delivered directly to their hotels, Andrade added.

Vanessa was 13 when police picked her up in October not far from the stadium and took her to the same shelter as Jessica. She left her home in a poor neighbourhood when she was 10, after her stepfather started to beat her, she said. She has lived mostly on the streets, going to shelters now and then and spending nights with clients, some of whom she calls friends.

On November 2, Vanessa broke into the maintenance room at the shelter, took a ladder and climbed the 2.5-metre wall surrounding the building, said Leonora Albuquerque, one of the shelter's coordinators. She convinced two other girls, aged 12 and 13, to go back with her to the area near the stadium. It was the fourth time she had escaped in less than six months.

"It's very hard to convince these girls to lead normal lives," Albuquerque said. "Most of them think abuse and selling their bodies is just a fact of life."