'The difference between black and blue'
The difference between many Pakhtun mothers and their daughters today 'is that of black versus blue'
Looking into the cultural and social dynamics of the conservative community, a change is visible from one generation to the next - that of choice in burqa. But what does this change from the blue to black burqa signify?
The blue-coloured burqa, also referred to as the ‘shuttlecock’, is native to Afghanistan, however, the growing hold of the Taliban in the northern areas contributed to its spread in Pakistan as well. The reason: to increase the level of purdah for girls and women.
“When females wear the blue burqa, you can’t distinguish if she is a 12-year-old child or a 60-year-old grandmother,” says journalist and researcher Ali Arqam.
The blue burqa completely covers the body as a single piece of cloth, compared to the black burqa which is usually in three pieces: the coat, the head covering and the niqab.
In covering women with a single piece of cloth a number of practicalities are left ignored. For example when women step out to buy groceries or run errands and need to use their hands to pick up or carry anything they would have to lift their burqa and hold the items under it, which can be very inconvenient.
Further, the blue-coloured light weight cloth flutters, especially during strong winds, and has to be held tightly, sometimes with both hands. With restricted vision and both hands used to hold the burqa in place it leaves women with little, if any, options to be able to do anything else.
In comparison the three-piece coat-styled black burqa has long sleeves and a separate piece to cover the face revealing only the eyes. This makes its easier for the wearer to manoeuvre themselves in public without impeding vision. The black burqa is also usually made of heavy fabric which does not allow it to flutter in the wind easily, although this does make the attire much warmer to wear. Despite this setback, the advantages to the black burqa are many.
“I have only tried to wear my mother’s blue burqa once at home and when I did I almost immediately took it off,” says 14-year-old Marium who belongs to a Pakhtun household and wanted to only share her first name.
“The cutwork by the eyes, which is meant to permit women wearing the blue burqa to see, actually pricks you and with no other opening it makes it very difficult to breathe,” she adds softly, not wanting to offend her mother.
Marium’s 17-year-old neighbour Faryal got married close to five months ago. Used to wearing the black burqa in her maiden days, the teenage bride felt nauseous for over a month before she managed to get used to the "claustrophobic blue one", she says.
But Faryal did not protest when she learnt she would have to move from the black burqa to the blue one after marriage out of respect for her family and her in-laws, Marium narrates.
There are however others who do not agree that respect for one’s culture means giving up on practicality and fashion.
“Women are treated as the honour of the family in Pakhtun community, but as they (women) become more educated, empowered and modernised they continue to cover themselves but in a manner which is more current with the times and yes more fashionable,” says Samar Esapzai who is pursuing a PhD in rural development and gender studies.
Marium, who belongs to a lower middle-class but relatively educated household, is sceptical about agreeing with Esapzai's view on the issue.
“Purdah is part of our culture and our tradition. I am my father’shonour and when I get married I will be my husband’s and hishousehold’s honour. Despite my preference, I’m prepared that I willmostly likely need to wear the blue burqa after marriage and when thetime comes I will do the needful.”
The purdah trail
In urban centres such as Peshawar the black abaya-style burqa is seen very prominently today. “The black burqa made its way into Pakistan with the influx of Middle Eastern women enrolled in Peshawar University in the mid- 80s,” analyst Khadim Hussain explains.
Initially, the native women found this burqa very odd but over time as they realised the practicality of this form of purdah, he adds. But it wasn’t until the Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal came to power in 2002 that this abaya-style burqa received wide recognition.
Minallah-Khan elaborates: “The black burqas have nothing to do with Pakhtun culture but its dominance increased when the Taliban banned the wearing of chaels and parhunays leaving this (black burqa) as a more practical alternate, at least in the urban parts of the northern areas.”
A native of Fata and a blogger who writes frequently on Pakhtun-related issues Mona Naseer says, “Speaking practically you see that the shuttlecock has no concept of a blind spot and highly restricts your peripheral vision. This along with the traditional and cultural preference of wearing a parhunay many women were attracted to the practicality and more importantly, the freedom offered by the black burqa.”
It is important to mention here that the black burqa is not exclusively worn by Pashtun women rather it has been adopted across many ethnicities in Pakistan due to its practical nature. And while practicality is a major reason for many, especially school going girls, to adopt the black burqa, a close second is fashion.
“I do not like bold fashion statements but I can’t deny enjoying the flexibility of having some fancy work with colourful stones or threads on my burqa,” says Marium her green eyes gleaming at the talk of fashion.
“All my friends at school wear it (black burqa). How will we carry our school bags in the other (blue) one?” she asks rhetorically. “We can either handle that or we can handle ourselves.”
Slowly but definitively the blue burqa has become associated with ‘older women’ in Pakhtun community and even women belonging to the lower socio-economic strata.
So what’s in a colour? A great deal actually. You just need to see beyond the black and blue.