Three generations of newscasters: Shaista Zaid, Ishrat Fatima and Maria Memon by Naziha Syed Ali
The number of women journalists is increasing in urban centres, in English-language newspapers, and in news channels but puncturing prevalent biases and practices will take more time In the ‘80s, when Nafisa Hoodbhoy would arrive at crime scenes in Karachi, notepad in hand and questions at the ready, it created quite a stir. One day, she recalls, a crime reporter from an Urdu newspaper, who saw her at every incident, finally cried out in exasperation, “Doesn’t Dawn have any male reporters left?”
Those were the days of ‘lady reporters’ who were restricted to certain beats, when it was considered almost unseemly for women journalists to get down in the trenches to work alongside their male counterparts. However, there were some outliers among them, both at the editorial desk and out in the field, who challenged those stereotypes and tore up the ‘journalism etiquette for women’s rulebook with gusto.
There was Razia Bhatti, who as editor of Herald, revamped what was then a society tabloid into a news magazine; Nargis Khanum who became the news editor of TheStar; intrepid reporters and feature writers such as Najma Babar, Lalarukh Hussain, Zohra Yusuf, Sherry Rehman and many others that blazed a trail for future generations to follow. Some women journalists went on to make the top tier at various media organisations, among them Maleeha Lodhi, who became the first woman editor of a national daily, The Muslim.
For many decades, until the early 2000s in fact, the journalism landscape in Pakistan was largely limited to print. But it was a journalism whetted on the grindstone of the tumultuous politics of the decades past, particularly the resistance against Zia’s dictatorship, and journalists — including many women — were at the forefront of the pro-democracy movement.
Today, the media includes around 30 television news channels and 170 FM radio channels, besides more than 250 news publications. Even though in terms of numbers women journalists are still nowhere near their male colleagues, they can be found in both print and electronic media – covering rallies, terrorist attacks, natural disasters — and at all levels of the profession.
Nevertheless, the women journalists who came earlier were navigating truly uncharted waters. “For me, the challenge was to get out and discover everything for myself. That meant departing from the beats assigned to me, namely women, health and social welfare,” says Ms Hoodbhoy of her time as a reporter in the ‘80s. “My editor gave me the coveted political beat after I dug into the health beat, and reported on gunshot victims piling up in hospitals because of ethnic warfare. I was still in my 20s while my colleagues were middle-aged men, who had neither the energy nor the desire to race around like me.”
A gentleman’s code of conduct operated in the nearly all-male print newsrooms of old — even though it could be infuriatingly patronising at times. Zubeida Mustafa, who became assistant editor at Dawn soon after she joined in 1975, remembers being told that she was a “test case”; she realised there had been considerable resistance to her hiring.
“No one even bothered to introduce me to my colleagues, and the men of that generation were so correct that it was difficult to communicate with them. I was the only woman there and for weeks I didn’t even know where the ladies’ toilet was,” she says with a laugh.
Moreover, although she was soon writing up to five editorials a week — she was the only woman editorial writer in Pakistan at the time — the editorial staff would take days to print opinion pieces with her byline. In fact it was rare in those days for any paper to carry an op-ed by any woman writer. Much later, when she was in charge of the op-ed section, Mustafa tried to redress the gender imbalance, sometimes rather too well. “At times I’d have to pull an article at the last minute because I’d realise that all the opinion pieces that day were by women!”
While senior managements in English journalism were comparatively — albeit reluctantly — more open to the idea of having women in the newsroom, Urdu journalism was a far more hidebound and conservative milieu. However, at Aman, the pro-democracy, anti-Zia Urdu daily that drew many progressive political activists into its fold in the early ‘80s, distinctions of gender were subsumed in the fervour of resistance politics.
In those heady days, Mahnaz Rahman, the sole woman journalist there, saw herself as part of history in the making. “Men and women, we were all the same. As far as we were concerned, we were bringing about a revolution; we worked like crazy but it didn’t feel like work.” Rahman, who is now resident director at Aurat, the women’s rights NGO, was also elected president of the Aman employees’ union. Although, it is pertinent to note, there was no ladies toilet on the premises.
She came up against the old prejudices while interviewing for a job at a large, established Urdu daily. “I told them I absolutely did not want to work on their ladies’ page. They were quite amused, probably thought I was mad, and I didn’t hear back from them,” she recalls.
Women presenters and anchors are common in television channels, and many of them are highly accomplished, but few women journalists across all types of media are in decision-making positions, even less so in the Urdu and vernacular media. Such archaic attitudes still persist; they are more common in the Urdu and vernacular media and are also to a great extent determined by geography. The public space in many parts of Pakistan is seen as a male domain that women enter only at their peril. That partly explains why there are still few women journalists, let alone reporters, in areas outside the major urban centres. It also means that many women today are still fighting the battles for space and recognition that have already been fought by their predecessors in cities like Karachi and Lahore.
Farzana Ali, Peshawar bureau chief at Aaj TV — a position also responsible for the seven tribal agencies — made it clear from the time she began as a journalist with Daily Mashriq in 1997 that she was going to push the boundaries even on the social issues beat. Her stories on swara (the tribal custom of giving girls in marriage as compensation to settle feuds) and honour killing were among those that ruffled many conservative feathers. They also established her reputation for hard-hitting journalism by the time she joined television.
In 2009, Aaj gave her a show called ‘Hot Frontier’ during which she did in situ reporting on the military operations in Swat and South Waziristan. “It’s never easy to challenge tradition in a conservative society,” she says.“On one occasion, during a rally in Peshawar by the Difa-i-Pakistan Council [a coalition of mainly extreme right groups], I was in our DSNG van when it was attacked. The crowd was shouting that it was haram for a woman to be seen in public, that too with her face uncovered.” Timely intervention by the Jamaat-i-Islami secretary general who was present at the scene defused the situation.
However, in what is essentially a chauvinistic social milieu, misogyny can cut across socio-economic distinctions. Experience and accomplishment affords no protection. Quatrina Hosain, a veteran journalist and Pakistan’s first woman war correspondent, who covered the Sri Lankan conflict in 1995 as an AFP reporter, was assaulted at a PTI election rally in 2013. “It was extremely violent and terrifying,” she recalls. “Nothing like it had ever happened to me before and the trauma stayed with me for a long time.” Perhaps, she reflects, such harassment is becoming more commonplace because “television puts you literally in people’s homes and thereby breeds a certain familiarity”.
Workplace challenges are also daunting. Notwithstanding the trappings of a modern and inclusive media climate, women journalists often have to contend with a cultural bias that trivialises their abilities and resents their achievements. That attitude is manifested in unequal pay, and often also in sexual harassment, which, according to most of the journalists quoted in this article, is rampant — notwithstanding the legal requirement for a three-member committee at every media organisation to address such complaints.
Ironically, although television has opened the doors of opportunity for more women to enter the profession, it has also led to a premium on appearance and a corresponding disregard for intellectual ability, thereby reinforcing existing prejudices about women’s inherently ‘inferior’ intellect.
These skewed perceptions mean that while women presenters and anchors are common in television channels, and many of them are highly accomplished, few women journalists across all types of media are in decision-making positions, even less so in the Urdu and vernacular media. “It’s a reflection of society itself; there’s a disdain for women that permeates all tiers of the profession,” says Munizae Jahangir, executive producer and anchor at Aaj television. “So there’s discrimination within organisations too.”
Women in management positions can have a huge impact on their female colleagues’ professional trajectory. Ms Jahangir, for instance, has never let anything stand between her and a good story, an approach she credits to her avowedly feminist women editors at NDTV, the Indian news channel where she first worked as a reporter. “They would send me to places where women didn’t usually go: for instance, to cover the military operations in Swat and South Waziristan,” she says. “When Benazir Bhutto was killed, I remember being amazed when women reporters [at an Urdu TV channel] said they weren’t allowed to go and cover the disturbances that followed, and the fact they didn’t even try to protest.”
Hosain, who has worked at senior positions both in print and TV, proffers another reason for the paucity of women at the top: she believes it is partly because many of them lost their seniority when they left their jobs to get married. “Most news directors are men. Women who left the field to raise children and rejoined later are not at the same level now,” she says. “Also, they haven’t kept up with the technological advances in journalism.”
There is certainly something to be said for perseverance. Nargis Baloch, the first and so far only woman president of the Hub press club, is editor of Intekhab — an Urdu daily that focuses on news about Balochistan — and oversees a staff of 100 men. During her eight years as sub-editor at the paper, she familiarised herself with every aspect of the work, including the minutiae of the printing process — “I even knew which inks were used!” — all the while also travelling by road to various parts of Balochistan to cover stories.
She was fortunate to have a management that recognised her capacity for hard work and appointed her to the top position. “My problem isn’t with my co-workers; they’re very cooperative, but it’s colleagues outside this paper who exhibit professional jealousy,” she says. “They find it difficult to accept a woman who’s successful in her job, even one like me with 26 years of journalistic experience.”
That, unfortunately, is a reality that professional women across the board in Pakistan can identify with. Like them, women journalists too have to contend with poor working conditions, unequal pay and perniciously ingrained misogyny — and soldier on.
Finding balance
by Afia Salam
For the willing and able, opportunities exist in newsrooms to reclaim beats that have become the preserve of men Are women associated with the news and media industry making their mark? Are there just about enough women in the rank and file of media houses running channels and publications, or are there too few or too many? Do the numbers matter or is clout more important in the media industry?
On all these scores, the situation in Pakistan now in 2015 is of course very different from the early days of the media when women were few and far between. Back then, there were more women in magazines than in newspapers, and more in English language newspapers than the Urdu and regional language ones.