Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi came to power in 2014 promising big-ticket economic reforms.

But with unemployment rising and signature policies getting panned, Modi's Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) has adopted a nationalist pitch ahead of a general election that begins this week.

The last time the BJP sought a second term was 2004, when it spent millions on an ad blitz projecting India as an economic powerhouse.

The voters didn't buy it.

Election results showed that people voted according to their caste, an ancient hierarchy in India that is outlawed by the constitution but still vital in Indian politics.

Voter stats

• 900 million registered voters, 10pc more than in 2014 polls
• 432 million eligible voters are women
• 15.9 million first-time voters
• Hindus comprise 80pc of India's 1.3bn population

Election facts

• Voting will take place in seven phases spaced out over six weeks (39 days) from April 11-May 19
• In first phase: 1,279 candidates contesting 91 constituencies; 7pc candidates are women
• Fight is for 543 of 545 seats in Lower House of Parliament, Lok Sabha
• Counting of votes for all 543 constituencies is done in a single day
• Remaining 2 seats reserved for Anglo-Indian community; nominated by president
• 1m polling stations to be set up, 10pc more than last time
• More than polling 80,000 stations lack mobile connectivity; nearly 20,000 are in forest or semi-forest areas
• Election Commission of India, an autonomous constitutional body, is overseeing the polls with 300 full-time officials at Delhi HQ
• Over 11m government officials will travel by foot, road, special train, helicopter, boat, and sometimes elephant, to hold the election

The 2014 election cost approximately 38.7 billion Indian rupees ($552 million), according to Election Commission estimates.

Around 1.8 million electronic voting machines were used to cast votes in the last election, but opposition groups say the machines can be tampered with, and they want the commission to tighten its security measures to cross check votes in this election.

Below are some key issues that voters will be looking at.

Unemployment at its highest in decades

Even though India continues to be one of the fastest-growing economies in the world, the Modi-led government's performance on the economy has come under criticism.

A November 2016 demonetisation program aimed to curb black market money by taking some rupee notes out of circulation. But it ultimately hurt the poor, and India's central bank said later that most of the illicit funds had re-entered the banking system.

According to the Centre for Monitoring the Indian Economy, employment contracted in the year following demonetisation by 3.5 million jobs. The think tank said unemployment reached 7.4pc in December 2018.

A controversial survey conducted by India's National Sample Survey Office last year found that unemployment rose to a 45-year high of 6.1pc in 2017-18.

Public subsidies to farmers have also failed to steady India's agricultural sector.

The first item in the opposition Congress party's election manifesto describes a plan for creating jobs.

It also promises an income subsidy programme for the poorest families and for farmers.

Kashmir policy

Amid growing scrutiny of Modi's economic record at home, the Pulwama attack helped the BJP hone its nationalist pitch.

Analysts say the jingoism gave Modi a pre-election boost, and BJP leaders quickly made national security a central plank of their campaign.

Explore: For all the hype around Modi’s anti-Pakistan stance, is he bringing anything new to the table?

In northern parts of the country bordering Pakistan, anti-Pakistan sentiment has always been strong because of the bloodshed during the partition and subsequent clashes.

But anti-Muslim sentiment in India has become more common and more violent since the BJP came to power in 2014.

At least three dozen Muslims have been lynched by self-styled Hindu vigilante groups or mobs on suspicion of illegally moving cows, sacred to Hindus, or eating beef, according to Human Rights Watch.

Caste

The BJP is mainly supported by upper-caste Hindus, while struggling to make headway with lower-caste voters and non-Hindus.

Successive governments have sought to redress discrimination against those on the lower rungs by setting up quotas for government jobs and university spots.

Read more: Sanitation workers doing India's dirtiest jobs say Modi has failed them

Currently, just under half of all government jobs and places in state-funded schools are allocated to the lower castes.

With an eye toward elections, Modi's government last year passed a law carving out 10% quotas for lower-income Indians belonging to higher castes.

Political puzzle

Modi has been on an electoral blitzkrieg across this vast country, promoting government development projects while blasting the alleged corruption within the opposition Congress party, a dynasty that began with India's first prime minister, Jawaharlal Nehru.

Nehru, his daughter Indira Gandhi and her son Rajiv Gandhi ruled the country for about a half a century after India won independence from Britain in 1947.

Rajiv Gandhi's son, Rahul Gandhi, is now the Congress party leader and a potential candidate for prime minister if the opposition can stitch an alliance to stop the Modi juggernaut.

That's easier said than done.

Despite Congress victories in three key state elections in December, bucking a string of losses to the BJP since 2014, Gandhi has struggled to marshal widespread support for his beleaguered party, even after bringing his popular sister, Priyanka Gandhi, into the fold.

The Gandhis would have to unite the opposition in order to take on BJP candidates in the vote-rich states of Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal and Delhi.

A split in opposition votes would likely benefit the BJP.

Giveaways for votes?

Giveaways are essential in Indian politics. Some 270m people ─ roughly 22pc of the country's population ─ live in poverty, making giveaways particularly attractive to voters.

Some political parties and their supporters offer cash, drugs and liquor in exchange for votes.

The commission has seized 5.1 billion Indian rupees ($73.6 million) in cash, some 21,500 kg of drugs worth 7.2 billon rupees, and 8.8 million litres of liquor valued at 1.8 billion rupees. It seized 12 billion rupees in cash, liquor and drugs in the last election.

In the past, farmworkers were offered cows and goats.

In its interim budget in January, the Modi-led government announced that farmers would be paid 6,000 rupees ($85) annually, benefiting as many as 120 million households.

The Congress party waived farmers' bank loans in the three states it won in December. It promised in its election manifesto to waive outstanding farmer loans elsewhere, and to decriminalise farmer loan defaults.

Election symbols

A ladder, hand pump, bicycle, bow and arrow, bungalow, book, mango and banana are just some of the many objects voters will see on their electronic ballots, symbols of the dozens of political parties and independent candidates in the fray.

Since only about a fifth of India's population could read or write at the time of the country's first election in 1951, the symbols were introduced on ballot papers to help the unlettered cast their votes.

Nearly three-quarters of Indians can now read, but the icons remain evocative political symbols.

Among the best-known symbols are the lotus flower for the governing BJP, and the outstretched palm-facing hand for Congress.

The Aam Aadmi Party, or the Common Man's Party, which rules the state of Delhi, chose a broom as its election symbol, reflecting its pledge to sweep the political system clean of corruption.