Can distributing hens alone improve nutritional outcomes?
Prime Minister Imran Khan recently launched Ehsas, a programme to alleviate poverty and uplift some of the most disadvantaged sections of society. One of its goals is to tackle malnutrition and stunting and reduce health inequities.
To achieve this goal, a major strategy that the prime minister intends to follow is to distribute chickens and goats to poor households, especially in rural areas. There is some evidence that such a policy can lead to poverty alleviation and better nutritional outcomes for poor households in other parts of the world; therefore, his idea of replicating it here in Pakistan has some merit.
However, it is noteworthy that this strategy is intended for rural and food insecure households, while the problem of stunting is not just concentrated in such households. According to the World Bank, 24 per cent of the children in food secure households of Pakistan suffer from stunting. This number jumps up to 38pc when we consider food insecure households as well.
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These asset transfer programmes in isolation, without a complementary nutrition-focused health and agricultural policy, may not solve the malnutrition crisis faced by Pakistan, where even per-capita income growth has not led to significant gains in malnutrition mitigation.
Although a number of social, environmental and genetic factors are relevant in determining the nutritional well-being of an individual, I want to focus on how agricultural policy can be leveraged to improve nutritional outcomes in Pakistan.
What can be done?
What does having a nutrition-focused agricultural policy entail and how can Pakistan move towards it? Simply put, the government needs to incentivise production of crops that are a rich source of macro- and micro-nutrients.
A focus on traditional cash crops production may not always lead to improved nutrition. Policies and agri-food innovations that bridge the gap between agricultural production and nutrition-related outcomes need to be prioritised.
In other words, the emphasis should be on improved nutrition through pro-poor consumption growth of foods that are a rich source of nutrients and micronutrients.
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Two sectors can potentially form the backbone of this nutrition-led agricultural policy. The first is the livestock and fisheries sector.
By ensuring that small-scale fishers and processors have equitable access to coastal and inland waters, and by providing rational subsidies for inputs required for fish farming and by prioritising access and affordability of fish for the poor, the government can ensure better nutritional outcomes for its citizens.
Growth in fishery and aquaculture in Bangladesh led to poverty alleviation as well as growth in pro-poor consumption and better nutrition outcomes. Pakistan has the opportunity to replicate Bangladesh’s experience and use this sector to ameliorate its malnutrition crisis.
However, intensification of fisheries and aquaculture can potentially affect water use and management — so growth in aquaculture should be accompanied by technology adoption that can help reduce water footprint of this sector.
The figure below illustrates the differences in per-capita fish consumption between Pakistan and other South Asian countries, reflecting how supply-side policies could increase the per-capita consumption, which may lead to better nutritional outcomes.