While top US defense and military officials have reaffirmed America’s continued commitment to its relationship with Saudi Arabia after a Saudi Air Force student’s deadly attack at a Navy base in Florida, the shooting is testing the allies’ ties just months after the Trump administration delivered substantial military aid to Saudi Arabia to counter threats from Iran.

US Defense Secretary Mark Esper and others attending a security conference in California played down any initial impact on US-Saudi ties. President Donald Trump on Saturday described a conciliatory conversation with the Saudi king.

"I spoke with the king of Saudi Arabia. They are devastated in Saudi Arabia," Trump told reporters as he left the White House on a trip to Florida. He said the king "will be involved in taking care of families and loved ones. He feels very strongly".

Asked about any potential effect on military relations, Esper had said on Friday: "We have strong military-to-military ties."

"That’s the basis of our relationship with the Saudis. I don’t see this undermining" the military-to-military relationship, he added.

In remarks at the Ronald Reagan National Defense Forum in Simi Valley, Esper was asked on Saturday whether he can say definitively that the shooting in Pensacola was terrorism. “No, I can’t say it’s terrorism at this time,” he said. Asked whether he would now hesitate to send American forces to Saudi Arabia, he said, “No, not at all.” He said the US and Saudi Arabia have shared security interests, especially with regard to Iran.

Investigators were exploring why the pilot trainee and three others watched videos of mass shootings in the days before he fatally shot three people at Naval Air Station Pensacola and wounded several others.

When General David Berger, commandant of the Marine Corps, was asked whether the shooting gave him reservations about sending Marines to Saudi Arabia, he said no.

“All of us have forces in other countries, and theirs in ours,” Berger said. “Reservations sending Marines or service members to other countries or to Saudi Arabia? No, not at all.”

Saudi leaders were quick to make calls to American officials, expressing condolences and outrage over the killings. Saudi King Salman called Trump soon after the news broke Friday. In a statement, the Saudi Embassy said the king “affirmed that the perpetrator of this heinous crime does not represent the Saudi people, who count the American people as friends and allies”.

Secretary of State Mike Pompeo tweeted Saturday that he had just talked to the Saudi foreign minister, "who expressed his condolences and sadness at the loss of life in the horrific attack.″

The shooting raised uneasy parallels to the attacks of September 11, 2001, when many of the Al Qaida-linked hijackers who flew planes into the World Trade Center, Pentagon and Pennsylvania countryside were Saudi citizens who had flight training in the US.

'Gunman watched videos of mass shootings'

The suspected Pensacola shooter, identified by US officials as Mohammed Saeed Alshamrani, was a member of the Saudi Air Force and was attending pilot training at the base. The officials provided his name on condition of anonymity because it has not yet been released publicly. Three people were killed in the shooting, and eight were injured, including two sheriff’s deputies. One of the deputies shot and killed Alshamrani.

A US official told The Associated Press that Alshamrani hosted a dinner party earlier in the week where he and three others watched videos of mass shootings. And one of the three students who attended the dinner party videotaped outside the building while the shooting was taking place, said the official, who spoke on condition of anonymity after being briefed by federal authorities. Two other Saudi students watched from a car, the official said.

The official said 10 Saudi students were being held on the base while several others were unaccounted for.

US officials at the security forum in California were careful not to draw any broader conspiracy or terrorism-related links to the shooting.

Michael Gilday, the chief of naval operations, was asked about unspecified reports that the Saudi shooter may have been part of a “sleeper cell”. He said he had not seen any such reports. He said the shooting was under investigation, and “at this point it is too early, in my opinion [...] to draw those types of conclusions”.

Military training

The US has long had a robust training programme for Saudis, providing assistance in the US and in the kingdom. As of this week, there are more than 850 Saudis in the United States for various training activities. They are among more than 5,000 foreign students from 153 countries in the US going through military training.

"This has been done for many decades," Trump said on Saturday. "We’ve been doing this with other countries, foreign countries. I guess we’re going to have to look into the whole procedure. We’ll start that immediately."

The Trump administration has also been aggressively helping Saudi Arabia this year, sending Patriot missile batteries, dozens of fighter jets and hundreds of troops there after attacks on the kingdom that officials blame on Iran.

In October, Esper visited Prince Sultan Air Base to see one of the batteries and talk about efforts to get other allies to contribute to the defense of Saudi Arabia and the Gulf region to counter threats from Iran.

But the kingdom’s reputation is still damaged after the killing last year of Washington Post columnist Jamal Khashoggi at the Saudi Consulate in Istanbul. Saudi intelligence officials and a forensic doctor killed and dismembered Khashoggi on October 2, 2018, as his fiancée waited outside the diplomatic mission.

Khashoggi, long a royal court insider, had been in self-imposed exile in the US while writing critically of Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, son of the oil-rich nation’s King Salman.