Children in China's two most important cities went back to school on Monday after more than three months at home, as coronavirus restrictions eased and governments around the world began charting a path out of the pandemic lockdown.

Europe's four worst-affected countries all reported marked drops in their daily death tolls, offering hope that the outbreak may have peaked in some places — at least for now.

But leaders and experts remain divided on how quickly to revive shuttered economies while maintaining a delicate balance between freedom and safety.

Italy and New York laid out partial reopening plans, with France and Spain to follow suit this week, while tens of thousands of final-year students returned to school in Shanghai and Beijing after months of closures.

“I'm glad, it's been too long since I've seen my classmates,” 18-year-old Hang Huan said in Shanghai. “I've missed them a lot.”

Students in Beijing must have their temperatures checked at school gates and show “green” health codes on an app that calculates a person's infection risk, according to the education ministry.

Virus numbers in China — where the disease first emerged late last year — have dwindled as the country begins to cautiously lift control measures, although fears remain over a potential resurgence and cases imported from abroad.

Primary schools in Norway were also set to reopen on Monday, along with some businesses in Switzerland such as hairdressers and florists, while New Zealand prepared to begin its phased exit from lockdown in the evening.

“There is no widespread, undetected community transmission in New Zealand,” Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern declared.

“We have won that battle.”

'Keep your distance'

More than 205,000 coronavirus deaths have been confirmed across the globe — over a quarter in the United States.

Italy has the second-highest death toll at 26,000, followed by Spain, France and Britain, all at well over 20,000.

But on Sunday Britain's daily tally was the lowest since March 31, while Italy and Spain's were the lowest in a month. France's toll was a drop of more than a third on the previous day's figures.

Those encouraging numbers blew relief through a continent frustrated by restrictions designed to slow the spread of the disease.

“We cannot continue beyond this lockdown — we risk damaging the country's socioeconomic fabric too much,” said Italian Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte as he unveiled a plan to emerge from Europe's longest shutdown, in place since early March.

People will have to wear masks in public and rigorously observe social distancing measures when the country's current restrictions are eased on May 4.

“If you love Italy, keep your distance from others,” he said.

Britain's leader, Boris Johnson, was to return to work on Monday after being hospitalised by Covid-19, one of nearly three million people known to have been infected worldwide.

Hide and seek

The pandemic has forced more than half of humanity into lockdowns to stop the virus from spreading — upending lives and tipping the global economy toward a recession of a severity not seen in decades.

Millions of Muslims are marking a Ramazan like no other — under restrictions for a month of dusk-to-dawn fasting that in happier times involves large family meals.

Saudi Arabia said it would partially lift its curfew but would maintain a round-the-clock lockdown in the Muslim holy city of Makkah.

In Spain, which has had some of the strictest measures in Europe, children ventured outside for the first time since mid-March on Sunday, some wearing small masks and gloves.

“We played hide-and-seek, we raced. We found a ladybird that was lost,” said six-year-old Ricardo, who ran around with his younger sister.

Not every country has enforced social distancing during the pandemic, however.

Secretive Turkmenistan, one of the few places not to have reported a single Covid-19 case — despite bordering virus hotspot Iran — held festivities to honour its national horse, with spectators packed into a hippodrome.

Vaccine race

While cases and deaths plateau, the world remains in wait-and-see mode as scientists race to develop treatments and, eventually, a vaccine for the virus.

Some governments are studying measures such as “immunity passports” to get people back to work — but the World Health Organisation (WHO) has warned that people who survive Covid-19 cannot be certain they will not be hit again.

Deborah Birx, the doctor who coordinates the US coronavirus response, said the WHO was being “very cautious”.

Several countries plan to introduce virus tracing apps to alert users if they are near someone who has tested positive — technology already downloaded by more than one million Australians, despite privacy concerns.

In New York, Governor Andrew Cuomo said a first stage of a reopening would start on May 15 if hospitalisations decrease.

But for some conservative-led US states, that timeframe is too long.

Rejecting the advice of top disease experts, Georgia has allowed thousands of businesses to resume operations, and Oklahoma will let restaurants and cinemas reopen from May.

“People are still going to get it. But Oklahomans are safe and we're ready for a measured reopening,” Governor Kevin Stitt told Fox News.