India on Friday became the fourth country to approve a coronavirus vaccine developed by Oxford University and AstraZeneca, authorising the vaccine’s rollout in coming weeks in the country with the second highest number of infections.

The following is what we know about the race to deliver vaccines to help end the coronavirus pandemic, which has killed more than 1.8 million people worldwide:

Who is furthest along?

US drugmaker Pfizer and German partner BioNTech have been the Covid-19 vaccine trailblazers.

On Nov 18, they became the first in the world to release full late-stage trial data. Britain was the first to approve the shot for emergency use on Dec 3, followed by Canada on Dec 9 and the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on Dec 11. Several other countries, including Saudi Arabia and Mexico, have also approved it.

The European Medicines Agency (EMA) approved the shot on Dec 21 and India is accelerating its review.

The World Health Organization (WHO) on Thursday listed the vaccine for emergency use, in a move seeking to speed access to it in the developing world.

What about Moderna?

Moderna Inc was a close second to Pfizer in many countries after it released a full data analysis for a late-stage trial on Nov 30 showing a 94.1 per cent efficacy rate for its vaccine.

The United States authorised Moderna’s vaccine on Dec 19, while Canada approved the shot on Dec 23 and the EMA will do so on Jan 6.

AstraZeneca

India’s approval of a two-dose version of AstraZeneca’s vaccine, Covishield, which has also been given the green light by Britain, Argentina and El Salvador, is a major win for a shot seen as crucial for mass immunisations.

Questions about the robustness of its trial data have complicated the approval process.

The British company announced interim late-stage trial data in November showing two full doses were 62pc effective while a half-dose followed by a full dose had a 90pc success rate — but UK regulators said the more successful outcome had not stood up to analysis.

AstraZeneca is also in discussions with the EMA, which is conducting a rolling review of the vaccine.

Who else is in the running?

US drugmaker Johnson & Johnson plans to deliver trial data in January, teeing it up for US authorisation in February if its shot is effective. It reduced the enrolment target for its clinical trial to 40,000 volunteers from 60,000 on Dec 9, potentially speeding results that are tied to how quickly participants become infected.

US firm Novavax is running a late-stage trial in Britain with data due in the first quarter of 2021. It expects to start a large-scale trial in the United States this month.

France’s Sanofi and Britain’s GlaxoSmithKline, however, announced a setback on Dec 11 in their attempts to develop a vaccine. The drugmakers said that it showed an insufficient immune response in older people in mid-stage trials and that they would start a new study in February.

What happens in the trials?

The companies usually test their vaccines against a placebo — typically saline solution — in healthy volunteers to see whether the rate of Covid-19 infection among those who got the vaccine is significantly lower than in those who received the dummy shot.

How are volunteers infected?

The trials rely on subjects becoming naturally infected with Covid-19, so how long it takes to generate results largely depends on how pervasive the virus is where trials are being conducted. Each drugmaker has targeted a specific number of infections to trigger a first analysis of their data.

How well are the vaccines supposed to work?

The WHO ideally wants to see at least 70pc efficacy. The FDA wants at least 50pc — which means there must be at least twice as many infections among volunteers who received a placebo as among those in the vaccine group. The EMA has said it may accept a lower efficacy level.

What about Russia and China?

Although Pfizer’s shot was the first to be rolled out following the publication of full Phase III trial data, Russia and China have been inoculating their citizens for months with several different vaccines still undergoing late-stage trials.

China on Dec 31 approved its first Covid-19 vaccine for general public use, a shot developed by an affiliate of state-backed pharmaceutical giant Sinopharm. The company said it is 79pc effective against the virus.

Russia said on Nov 24 its Sputnik V vaccine, developed by the Gamaleya Institute, was 91.4pc effective based on interim late-stage trial results. It started vaccinations in August and has inoculated more than 100,000 people so far.

India plans to make 300 million doses of Sputnik V next year and Argentina has given the green light for emergency use of the shot, with some 300,000 doses arriving in the country on Dec 24.

China launched an emergency use programme in July aimed at essential workers and others at high risk of infection. It has vaccinated about one million people as of mid-November using at least three shots - one developed by the state-backed China National Biotec Group (CNBG) and one by Sinovac Biotech.

Trial data on a Covid-19 vaccine developed by China’s Sinovac Biotech has varied: interim data from a late-stage trial in Turkey showed its CoronaVac shot is 91.25pc effective, while researchers in Brazil say the shot was more than 50pc effective.

The United Arab Emirates, meanwhile, said on Dec 9 that one of the CNBG vaccines was 86pc effective based on interim results from a late-stage trial in the Gulf Arab state.