NEW DELHI: Nine months before a general election, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) have dusted off a potentially divisive plan to enact a common set of personal laws for all, irrespective of religion.

Currently, India’s Hindus, Muslims, Christians and large tribal populations follow their own personal laws and customs, alongside an optional secular code, for marriage, divorce, adoption and inheritance.

The Law Commission, a government-appointed advisory body, had sought public opinion on creating a uniform civil code (UCC). It received more than five million responses online on the eve of the Friday deadline.

The BJP says the common code is necessary to ensure gender justice, equality through uniform application of personal laws, and to foster national unity and integration.

Critics call proposed law ‘gimmick’ ahead of general elections

“If there is one law for one family member and another for another family member, can that family function smoothly? How can a country function with such dual systems?” Modi said at a BJP meeting late last month.

Critics call the push for a common civil code a cynical attempt to divide communities and consolidate Hindu votes for the BJP ahead of next year’s general election.

“The idea is to send a message to the majority community so that you are able to keep the majority community polarised in favour of BJP,” said Sanjay Kumar, political analyst and psephologist at New Delhi’s Centre for the Study of Developing Societies. “This is a kind of a tool to divide and mobilise.”

Although no draft of the UCC has been presented, BJP leaders have said it primarily has to do with reforming Muslim personal laws as other personal laws have progressed over the decades.

No valid ground

The All India Muslim Personal Law Board, a voluntary body that represents the interests of Indian Muslims on personal law issues, has sent its objections to the Law Commission saying “mere projection of uniformity is not a valid ground for uprooting established systems of laws governing personal matters”.

“Majoritarian morality must not supersede personal laws, religious freedom, and minority rights in the name of a code which remains an enigma,” it said.

India’s next general election has to be held by May 2024 and follows commanding wins for BJP in 2014 and 2019. Critics say the party’s campaign playbook has been to polarise voters along religious lines and take advantage of the heavy Hindu majority, although the BJP maintains it represents all Indians and that it wants growth for all.

Some analysts say the UCC plan will force opposition parties into a corner. They cannot support it, and if they oppose it, they will be accused of being reactionary and pandering to Muslims.

Muslim personal laws in India, for instance, allow males and females to marry after attaining puberty while all other Indian males have to be 21 years old and females 18 years old to get married.

To start with, the government could raise the age of marriage for Muslims to match others, outlaw polygamy and mandate an equal share of inheritance for Muslim men and women, the BJP source said.

Just a handful of these changes may not qualify to be called UCC in the true sense, yet it would be major reform and a political achievement, the source said.

Legal experts and political analysts say even this would need extensive consultations and political consensus to get past parliament and there isn’t enough time before the elections.

The BJP’s aim, therefore, appears to be to keep the issue in the public eye and enact the code if it returns to power as expected, they said.

“It will be raised in the run-up to 2024, it will be used, harnessed,” said Zakia Soman, co-founder of the Indian Muslim Women’s Movement, which supports the UCC despite its reservations about the politics linked to it.

Published in Dawn, July 15th, 2023