Pakistan is rich in diverse cultural heritage, natural resources and breathtaking landscapes, stretching from the majestic mountains in the north to the serene deserts in the south. Each province offers unique elements that contribute to the country’s beauty and potential.

Sindh, often celebrated for its historical sites and vibrant festivals, is home to a hidden gem rarely discussed: the Karoonjhar mountain range.

Recently, I had the privilege of visiting the Karoonjhar mountain in a corner of the Sindh province, in the Nagarparkar area of Tharparkar. I was deeply moved by the breathtaking beauty of this little-known gem. It is either the locals or the occasional visitors to these areas who unfold the history and its significance. It saddens me to realise how much this magnificent treasure has been overlooked, an injustice to the province’s grandeur.

Standing amidst the stunning landscapes, I couldn’t help but feel a profound sense of loss, knowing that we often fail to recognise the immense beauty within our own country — beauty that deserves to be celebrated and shared with the world. So, I take this opportunity to tell my young readers about this beautiful landscape that perhaps many of you have no idea of.

Discovering Karoonjhar

Located in the Nagarparkar area of Tharparkar, Sindh, the Karoonjhar mountains are a remarkable, but underappreciated natural treasure. This area, which borders the Rann of Kutch, is a stark contrast to the more renowned mountain ranges such as the Kirthar, Hindu Kush, Karakoram, Himalayas, Salt Range, and Suleiman mountains. Though not as noteworthy in terms of size as the more famous mountain ranges in our region, the Karoonjhar range stretches approximately 19 kilometres in length and rises to about 305 metres in height. It is primarily composed of granite, likely an extension of India’s ancient Aravalli range, which dates back to the Archean period, making it one of the oldest rock systems in the world.

Rich in resources and serenity

The Karoonjhar mountains are not only geologically significant, but also economically valuable. They are rich in minerals such as marble, limestone, chromite, gypsum, salt and kaolin. Kaolin, used in porcelain tableware and various industries, including paper, paints and cosmetics, highlights the economic importance of these mountains.

The untouched beauty and serene environment of Karoonjhar set it apart. The sloping terrain and natural features, complemented by the area’s rich flora and fauna, make it a sanctuary of peace. The mountains are home to diverse wildlife, including peacocks, which add vibrant colour to the landscape.

Moreover, Karoonjhar is of great economic importance to the people in the surrounding area, thanks to its rich deposits and the abundance of plants with therapeutic properties. The natives utilise various medicinal plants found in the region to treat a wide range of illnesses. Among these are khokhro, gun wel, satawari, jhangli basar (wild onion), shiv jati, uth kanthi, gogaroo and many others.

Cultural and historical significance

Karoonjhar is not just a geographical feature, but a cultural landmark. The area is steeped in history, with numerous religious and cultural sites. According to researcher Mashkoor Phulkari, the Karoonjhar range includes 109 hills with over 100 holy places for various faiths. This area was very prosperous in the past, when the river Hakaro flowed through Saraswati Yamuna and Sutlej and ended in the Thar desert. It still contains ancient Jain temples, albeit in a dilapidated state. Karoonjhar’s highest peak is called Trott Peak (Tarvat Jo Thalho). It is said that the British soldier Colonel Trott used to sit here and hold court, and so the peak was named Trott’s Peak.

Geographically, the Karoonjhar area stands out from the surrounding desert and is relatively small in extent. These hills are the source of two perennial springs, Anchleshwar and Sardharo, as well as temporary streams like Bhatiani and Gordhro, which flow during the monsoon season.

Many poets, writers and singers have celebrated the Karoonjhar mountains and have recognised their deep significance to the local people and the timeless beauty they hold. For the local communities, these mountains are not just a backdrop but a source of identity, stories and pride. Through their words, poets and writers capture the essence of Karoonjhar as a peaceful sanctuary and a keeper of secrets. Their works highlight the enduring connection between nature and the human spirit.

Karoonjhar is not just a mountain range but a whole history embedded in itself. It has thousands of years of civilisation, history and culture.

Environmental and economic challenges

The beauty and significance of Karoonjhar are threatened by past mining activities. In 1988, a mining company began extracting granite from the mountains, leading to significant environmental damage and waste. The use of dynamite during extraction caused habitat destruction, soil degradation, and pollution, disrupting local ecosystems and traditional ways of life. The local community’s resistance has helped preserve the mountains, but the future remains uncertain.

Preserving Karoonjhar

The Karoonjhar mountains embody thousands of years of civilisation, culture and natural beauty. They are home to a diverse array of animals, birds and rare species, including peacocks and deer. The mountains stand as a testament to the rich heritage and potential of Sindh, symbolising the civilisation of local communities and their rituals, culture, customs, traditions, folklore, songs, stories and centuries of religious harmony. Efforts must be made to protect this treasure from further environmental degradation and to recognise its significance in Pakistan’s cultural and natural landscape.

The Geological Survey of Pakistan estimated the granite reserves in Karoonjhar from 1977 to 1978 as follows:

• Grey granites: 11,811 million tonnes

• Pink granites: 3,813 million tonnes

• Adamellite: 240 million tonnes

Total granite reserves: 15,864 million tonnes.

Published in Dawn, Young World, August 31st, 2024